| Neopanorpa is the second largest genus in Panorpidae(Mecoptera),endemic to the Oriental Region.Morphologically it is peculiar by a pair of slender wings,a greatly developed notal organ and less-developed salivary glands.The larvae of Neopanorpa are euedaphic,inhabiting tunnels or cavities in the soil.Biologically it exhibits coercive mating behaviour instead of providing nuptial gifts during copulation.Currently it has approximately 169 species worldwide.China harbors the highest species diversity of Neopanorpa with 96 species recorded to date.However,the taxonomy of the Chinese Neopanorpa is scarce and many problems persist.Firstly,the generic diagnostic character of Neopanorpa leads to confusion when sorting out some species of Panorpidae.Therefore,new characters are supposed to be explored to serve as the morphological gap between Neopanorpa and other genera of Panorpidae.Moreover,Neopanorpa is such a heterogeneous group and need to be further divided into several species groups.The reliable division of Neopanorpa depends on the support of the phylogenetic analysis.However,the phylogeny of Neopanorpa is poorly explored and few species were included in the phylogenetic studies.So far,no efforts have been made to elucidate the phylogeny of Chinese Neopanorpa.Therefore,the comprehensive phylogeny of Neopanorpa needs to investigate urgently.In the present study,the phylogeny of Neopanorpa was reconstructed based on 84 morphological characters of adults by using maximum parsimony method.Apteropanorpidae,Panorpodidae,and other genera of Panorpidae were chosen as outgroups and 61 species of Neopanorpa as ingroups.Furthermore,the molecular phylogeny of Neopanorpa is explored for the first time based on two nuclear genes 28 S rRNA and EF-1? and two mitochondrial genes COII and Cytb,providing a comprehensive reliable scaffold for the division of species group.The study utilized 74 species of Neopanorpa as ingroups and seven species of Panorpa and two species of Panorpodes as outgroups.The total of 159 sequences of 62 Neopanorpa species were newly obtained,including 67 sequences of 28 S rRNA,42 sequences of COII,44 sequences of Cytb,and six sequences of EF-1?.The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on single gene using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference,respectively.The result of morphology based phylogeny suggests that Neopanorpa is a paraphyletic group.Southern Indian Neopanorpa species are clustered into the same clade,which is sister to other genera of Panorpidae(except Leptopanorpa),and well separated from Neopanorpa species from other regions.Therefore,we propose to assign southern Indian Neopanorpa species to Panorpa or as a separate genus.Aside from southern Indian Neopanorpa species,all the rest of Neopanorpa form a single clade with Leptopanorpa nested inside and L.cingulata are sister to N.puripennis.The molecular phylogeny inferred from four genes is generally concurred with morphology based phylogeny.However,due to lack of molecular data from Leptopanorpa,Neopanorpa appears monophyletic.Both the molecular and morphology-based phylogenies support N.chillcotti as an early-branching species and the sister relationship of all the rest Neopanorpa species.Such result is in line with its divergent morphology,thus we propose this species deserves subgeneric level.Molecular phylogeny analysis recovers five major clades within the Chinese Neopanorpa,namely Qinling Clade,Eastern Clade,Dianbei Clade,Southern Clade and Xinan Clade.The subclades that were robustly supported by morphological and molecular data are recognized as species group.A total of nine species group are recognized and described in the present study,namely N.lui group(3 spp.),N.caveata group(7 spp.),N.mangshanensis group(2 spp.),N.longistipitata group(2 spp.),N.brisi group(3 spp.),N.nielseni group(6 spp.),N.longisetus group(3 spp.),N.nigrocauda group(5 spp.)and N.nigromacula group(6 spp.).The generic characters of Neopanorpa were revised and supplemented.The character that differs Neopanorpa from other genera of Panorpidae(except Leptopanorpa)is revised as follows: Neopanorpa has two cross veins between 1A and 2A in the forewings,but other genera have more than two cross veins between 1A and 2A in the forewings.The generic characters of Neopanorpa are described as follows: wing base rather narrow,3A rather short,two cross veins between anal veins in the forewings;male abdomen shorter or slightly longer than wings;hypandrium with broad basal stalk extending caudally beyond 1/3 length of gonocoxite;gonostylus mostly non-branched;aedeagus with large ventral valves in spatulate shape,protruding ventrally,dorsal valves small and stout,usually concealed by the large ventral valves in the ventral view;paramere bifurcated into ventral and dorsal branch;each dorsal branch consisting of lateral process and dorsal process;lateral process well-developed,large and wide;dorsal process moderately developed;female subgenital plate emarginated at apex;genital plate less developed,main plate rather narrow,not wider than 1/2 total length,posterior arms well-developed,extended caudally beyond 1/3 total length,axis normally not extending anteriorly beyond main plate or only for a short length.Furthermore,39 species of Neopanorpa in Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains fauna are described and illustrated,including 21 new species,one new record and one synonym.This largely improved the biodiversity of Neopanorpa in China and raised the total number of the Chinese Neopanorpa from 96 to 116.The twenty new species of Neopanorpa are as follows: N.bihamatus,N.biorbiculata,N.diancangshanensis,N.discors,N.fulingensis,N.leptoclada,N.longihypovalva,N.longisetus,N.longistipitata,N.magnatitilana,N.nigrocauda,N.nigromacula,N.nigrostigma,N.obliquifascia,N.robusta,N.rufostigma,N.semiorbiculata,N.tanglishanensis,N.tincta,N.triangulata spp.nov.and N.setigera Wang & Hua,2018(published).The female of N.nielseni Byers,1965 is described and illustrated for the first time.N.chillcotti Byers,1971,originally described from Nepal,is recorded from China for the first time(published).N.spatulata Byers,1965 rec.nov.,originally described from Thailand,is recorded from China for the first time.N.dimidiata Navás,1930 b is proposed as a synonym of N.brisi(Navás,1930b). |
PDF Full Text Request