Research On Evaluation And Countermeasures Of Agricultural Ecological Development In China

The "institutional dividend" released by China's reform and opening up policy has accelerated the development of petroleum agriculture,and greatly improved the agricultural output level.China's grain output has become the first in the world.At the same time,however,the cumulative effect of the "reverse ecology" of petroleum agriculture is becoming more and more obvious,which is manifested in environmental pollution,soil fertility decline,and food safety hazards,and so on.Petroleum agriculture has been increasingly proved to be an unsustainable agricultural development mode.Agriculture is the most closely integrated industry with nature.It uses solar energy to produce biological organisms and has obvious ecological characteristics.To solve the problem of unsustainable development of petroleum agriculture,we should follow the nature of agricultural ecological development,rely on the law of ecological economy to promote the transformation of petroleum agriculture to agricultural ecological development.In recent years,the conditions of agricultural ecological development in China are constantly improved.On the one hand,some achievements have been achieved in the development of ecological agriculture,and some ecological development plans,such as formula fertilization for soil testing,soil quality improvement,have also begun to be implemented.On the other hand,the economic and industrial basic role of agricultural ecological development is also increasing.More importantly,agricultural ecological development is also highly consistent with the basic concept of social development in China.It is not only an important part of the construction of ecological civilization,but also conforms to the basic requirements of Xi Jinping's new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics " building the modernization of harmony between man and nature ".The overall ecological transformation of agriculture is facing unprecedented opportunities.Based on the theory of agricultural ecological development and Chinese reality,focusing on comprehensive evaluation and analysis of agricultural ecological development,combined with policy change,influence factors of agricultural ecological development,and other issues,we put forward countermeasures to promote agricultural ecological development.The basic theory of ecological development is analyzed.Agricultural ecology is the concentrated embodiment of industrial ecology in the field of agriculture.It is the improvement of the pattern of petroleum agriculture to the ecological development.According to the principle of ecology and ecological economics,relying on efficient clean use of resources and the ecological cycle concept,combining the essence of traditional agriculture and modern science and technology,the purpose is to promote the reduction of the use of agricultural chemicals,increase ecological factors in production and realize the unity of the economic,ecological and social benefits.Its extension includes the development of ecological agriculture and the improvement of ecological tendency of petroleum agriculture model.It has the characteristics of ecological circulation,industrial integration,good structure,diversified patterns,comprehensive technology,scale operation,ecological compensation,product ecology,sustainable development and so on.The reality of agricultural ecological development and the change of policy are investigated.First,based on the development of ecological agriculture and other conditions,this paper investigates the development course and achievements of agricultural ecological development.In general,agricultural ecological development has the characteristics of following the development path of multi-mode and multi-path as well as the government leading by administration and leading by demonstration.At the same time,it also faces some problems.By examining the practice of typical countries,we have summarized some experiences including of paying attention to the construction of planning,regulation and standard,paying attention to the construction of service support system,strengthening ecological support,and so on.Second,since the beginning of reform and opening up,the policy change process of China's agricultural ecological development has been divided into three stages: pollution prevention and ecological agriculture,"two oriented" agriculture and recycling agriculture,ecological civilization and green agriculture.It presents a trend of escalation and transformation.In the long run,the government should build a guiding system that gives priority to guidance and requires regulation,relying on policy-oriented evolution.The influence factors of agricultural ecological development in China are combed.On the one hand,we sort out seven major promotive factors,from the opportunities and basic conditions of agricultural ecological development.On the other hand,we sort out seven restrictive factors,from internal and external constraints two perspectives.Fourteen factors constitute the influence factors system of agricultural ecological development.Various factors in the system exerts different forces and action modes,and also presents a dynamic change process.In general,with the improvement of economic development and institutional system,the promotion force of agricultural ecological development will be constantly improved,and the restraining force will be reduced continuously.But in the short term,the relationship between economic,ecological and social benefits is facing challenges.In the long term,agricultural ecological development is more constrained by land and labor resources.Agricultural eco-efficiency in China is evaluated and analyzed.Agricultural eco-efficiency is the basic index to measure the level of agricultural ecological development.The SBM-Undesirable model is applied to evaluate agricultural eco-efficiency.The basic trend of agricultural eco-efficiency,efficiency loss structure and regional differences of agricultural eco-efficiency,and other issues are studied.At the same time,the influence factors of agricultural eco-efficiency are studied by using the panel Tobit model.China's agricultural eco-efficiency presents a fluctuating trend in 1996~2015.Since 2012,agricultural ecoefficiency has been rising obviously.The effect of draught animal,pesticide,labor,land and fertilizer on efficiency loss is relatively large.There are certain provincial differences in agricultural eco-efficiency.The agricultural eco-efficiency of Hainan,Shanghai,Guangdong,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Fujian,Tibet,Beijing and other provinces is relatively high.There is a "positive U" Kuznets curve relationship between per capita added value of agriculture and agricultural eco-efficiency.Agricultural economic level,agricultural disaster rate and agricultural machinery density and so on affect agricultural eco-efficiency.Based on the comprehensive index system,agricultural ecological development in China is evaluated and analyzed.We build a comprehensive evaluation index system of agricultural ecological development including 22 indexes of four subsystems,and use the entropy method to make a comprehensive evaluation and analysis.The comprehensive index of agricultural ecological development in China shows a fluctuating trend in 1996~2015.The eco-efficiency index,the economic condition index and the resource condition index show an overall upward trend,and the environmental condition index shows a general downward trend.The environmental and resource conditions have a high degree of barriers to agricultural ecological development.The coupling coordination degree of eco-efficiency,the support condition and the comprehensive index is relatively high.The comprehensive level of agricultural ecological development in Hainan,Tibet,Guangdong,Zhejiang,Shanghai,Fujian and so on is relatively high.Provincial agricultural ecological development can be divided into eight types.Development strategies adopted by each type should be different.All provinces should balance the relationship agricultural eco-efficiency with economic,resource and environmental support conditions according to their own conditions.The countermeasures of agricultural ecological development are put forward.Agricultural ecological development depends on the operation mode of the scale,the modernization of science and technology system,systematic regulations and policies,marketbased trading mode,highly effective service system,ecological consumption idea and so on.In light of the development concept and the actual situation,we put forward countermeasures and suggestions from many aspects.They include promoting the reduction and recycling of resources,strengthening the implementation of a series of demonstration projects,strengthening the cultivation and development of key areas,establishing and improving the system,strengthening the construction of all directional service support system,and so on.At the same time,it is necessary to pay special attention to the relationship between government and market.In the long run,it must be dominated by market regulation.In the short term,the responsibility of the government is important.The government should focus on construction of the system so as to gradually highlight the comparative advantages of agricultural ecological development.