On The Social Outlook Of Marx’s Das Kapital

Reflected as a high degree of theoretical consciousness of modern society,the change in Marx’s social outlook in Das Kapital has been finally achieved and realized.This theorizing is of particular significance:On the one hand,it reflects the concise and sublimation of Marx’s early view of the society;on the other hand,it opens up a new perspective,a new method and a new direction to understand the modern society.With the social outlook of Das Kapital as the node,Marx has laid specifi criticism against the traditional view of society,and eventually promoted the development of the science of "real people and their historical development",through which the concept of human nature and their liberation in Marx’s social outlook is ultimately zoomed large.At present,research of Das Kapital both at home and abroad are varied and different in perspective,but they all touched on or led to the discussion of the social outlook of Das Kapital in different degrees,which lays a solid foundation on further thorough investigation into its social outlook.The study of the social outlook of Das Kapital from a holistic perspective of Marx’s philosophical transformation is not only the theoretical consciousness of treating political economy criticism as an inner part of Marx’s philosophy transformation,but also intends to crystalize the nature of its social outlook and its implications for contemporary theorectical construction.This paper argues that the social outlook of Das Kapital reveals and criticizes the historical origin of human existence and its predicament through the analysis of the economic facts,economic relations and economic activities of the capitalist society and reveals the development of capitalism and that of human history,through which ultimately achieves full-fledged criticism of the capitalist society.Based on the basic idea of the existence and development of human beings in modern society,this paper takes Das Kapital and other classical texts as the research basis,following the logical clue of inherent connection between the capitalist society and the nature of human being,taking human liberation and development as the real value pursuits,to examine the theoretical wholeness and the implications of the social outlook reflected in Das Kapital as "a science of real human being and their historical development".To that end,this paper includes the following five chapters.Chapter One:the theoretical limitation of the traditional view of society and Marx’s philosophical criticism.This paper holds that the social outlook of Das Kapital can be traced back to two traditional views of society,namely Hegel’s idealism and the social view of positivism in classical economics.Hegel’s conceptual dialectics,while representing the developmental logic of human society and establishing the principle of historical interpretation,is still "abstract,logical,speculative",and is only"unreal" in form.The Classical economics positivist view of society tries to demonstrate the rationality of the capitalist system through the study of the production and exchange relations in the capitalist system,but Smith’s "perceptual intuition" of a society can only be seen as a physical entity,and thus the relationship between people can only be materialized as the "non-historical" relationship between things.Therefore,the above two traditional views of society have resulted in the alienation of the essence of human beings,which are abstract,and the relationship between the two is inherent:from the perspective of the way of thinking,both are interpreting society by the ontological line of thinking;from the theoretical point of view,both are inclined to instantiate society;from perspective of the class attribute,both reflect a stance of the bourgeois.Chapter Two:Theoretic preparation of the social outlook of Das Kapital:Marx’s social outlook change and its humanity connotation.Understanding Marx’s social outlook change is the basic prerequisite to study the social outlook of Das Kapital.This paper holds that the essence of Marx ’s social outlook change lies in the transcendence from "ontological thinking mode" to "practice view mode".The establishment of the "practice viewpoint" means that the vision of the society view will return to the "human being" and return to the ideological foundation of the"perceptual life activity".Society is the re-possession of human nature,and human life constitutes a historical process of social development,thus human and society is the inherent unity of the relationship between the existence.Marx interprets the development of society from the dimension of "economics-philosophy".The concept of economy has the connotation and metaphysical value of human nature,and the philosophy has also obtained the realistic expression in economics.Therefore,Marx clarifies the process of "the development of social form of economy as a kind of natural history" in Das Kapital,that is to understand the development of economic social form in the formation of human essence.Chapter Three:the theoretical findings of the social outlook of Das Kapital:revealing the "human relationship" from the "relationship of things".This chapter is the philosophical critique of the social outlook of Das Kapital in the economic sense.Marx discovers "man himself’ through the "revelation of things",and clarifies that capitalism is the human life itself,that is,the way of human existence,affirming the metaphysical significance of the capitalist society for generating "free people".At the same time,through the investigation of the economic category,Marx reveals the"human relationship" under the cover of "material relation" in the capitalist society,and discovers the secret of surplus value in the production relation.Finally,Marx exposes and criticizes the fetishism of the capitalist society through the criticism of materialism,that is,the criticism of commodity fetishism,money fetishism and capitalist fetishism.Chapter Four:the dialectic implications of the social outlook of Das Kapital:the logic of capital and the law of modern social development.The dialectical implications of the view of society in Das Kapital is represented by two dimensions:the dialectic as a pure method and the dialectic as the logic of historical connotation.In this paper,Marx’s "from abstraction to concrete" approach in the Das Kapital reveals the history of capitalist relations of production,and then lays the foundation for the later critique of capital logic.Then this paper clarifies the dialectics of the social outlook of Das Kapital with the "logic of connotation of history".By revealing the reality of "capital" and "rationality",Marx points out that the nature of capital is the root of social abstraction.By examining the logic of capital movement and its"inner limits",Marx reveals the mechanism of inherent disintegration of the logic of capital and the historical inevitability of capitalism’self-denial,which is the specific content of dialectical thinking of the social outlook in Das Kapital.Chapter Five:Existential ideal of social outlook of Das Kapital:the road of liberation and its purport."To uncover the law of economic movement in modern society" is to discover the logic of capital movements,which constitutes the main content of the social outlook in Das Kapital.However,the purpose of Marx’s writing of Das Kapital is not only to realize the "description of reality",but to uncover the road of human liberation and the development of human reality.In Marx’s works,the road of human liberation and the liberation of human interest,respectively,refers to the communist movement that "actually oppose and change the existing things," and the future of freedom of society and the generation of free individuality ideal of life.This paper finds that the main purpose of communism is to realize "consciously transforming human society" and "taking each person’s comprehensive and free development as the basic principle";Marx’s conception of the future society is not utopian ideal,but is of an orientation full of deep humanity and historical foundation.