| Basing on the transition of value orientation in modern public management from efficiency to justice, this paper emphasizes on modern public management justice. By applying the fruit of research at home and abroad, and relating theories of political philosophy, normative ethics, public management and its ethics, as well as behavioral science, public management and impartial modern values, this paper will further study the modern value, characteristics, dimension and practice of public management. In this way, the author tries to study from the perspective of the process of public management which is more realistic than the traditional political philosophy one, thus forming a realistic system of public management. Meanwhile this paper will start from the idea and principle of justice and restructure the process of recognizing public management.The preface of this paper explains the reason of this thesis topic, research scope, research perspective and basic ideas. This paper argues that justice is intrinsic ethical value requirement of public management and an important value target of it. It is also the measure of value to evaluate public management activities that points out the importance of public management in theory. Theory and practice of public management experience some stages from traditional public management, new public management and then to the new public administration, new public services as well as multivariate management. The value guidance of public management has turned from efficiency-oriented management of traditional public management and new public management to a new fair value-oriented management of new public administration, new public services as well as multivariate management. Thus, studying justice of public management is the practical needs of modern public management. On the other hand, there is still a lot of injustice in the practice of public management, such as injustice systems, injustice administrative acts, injustice information and so on. Thus we are desperately in need of improving these conditions. However, according to current situation at home and abroad, even if there are a lot of researches on justice, most of them are from the perspectives of politics, government public administration, individual administrative implementations as well as the corrections of injustice. As for public administration, it’s far from enough to passively do side or fragmented research on justice from other perspectives. We need to study justice of public administration from the angle of the process of public administration itself. In this part, besides declaring the meaning of this topic, the writer gives a brief introduction to the concept of public administration as well as the development of public management theory and practice in order to avoid confusion on the concept and misunderstanding of public management current situation.The first chapter discusses the contemporary value and meaning of public administration justice from four aspects:First, public administration justice is the guarantee of public interest. Public interest is the important feature that distinguishes modern community from the traditional one. When it comes to public management, public interest involves public goods and public services. Public interest, being shared by all the members of community, is different from the national interests. Public interest doesn’t exist in traditional authoritarian countries, because those national interests are not public interest. However, public interest exists in modern democratic countries theoretically. Even though there is a gap between the ideal and reality, national interests and public interest in democratic countries are consistent with each other. Unlike private interest, public interest includes three characteristics:it comes from the people, controlled by the government and allocated differently. The contract theory not only solves legitimacy problems in government’s sovereignty, but also requires the justice of government functions to be established on the base of being responsible to the public interest. Specifically speaking, public management justice has the responsibility to maintain, improve and properly distribute public interest.Second, public management ensures the equality and openness of public opportunity. The public opportunity is of limited, timely and artificial. In fact, not everyone is able to get the public opportunity even though it is open to the public theoretically. This will damage public interest and ruin social morality, then, people will feel unfair. Public management justice can protect it.Third, public management maintains social order. There are lots of social problems in modern civilization due to social unfairness such as polarization between the rich and the poor, abuse of power for personal gain, serious crimes, ecological environment deterioration, and high cost of public management and so on. Public management justice is the fundamental way to solve these problems.At last, public management justice is able to satiate people’s psychological demands for justice. It concerns public recognition to the government and people’s enthusiasm and creativity that have impact on whether public management can be implemented effectively. The imbalance between people’s psychological expectation for justice and reality is the source of people’s psychological demands for justice.Chapter two explains the features of public management justice. Based on the definition, principle and content of public management justice, it defines and classifies public management justice, giving an introduction on public management justice and differentiating public management justice, social justice from organization justice. This part focuses on the discussion on definition, classification and general features of public management justice, laying a foundation for studying public management justice.The basic consensus of people gradually reached a fair understanding of justice embodied in the general definition, that is to say, justice is to make people deserve what they deserve, or get people rewarded from what they strive for. The principle of justice is to guarantee people get what they deserve. Thinkers established principles from four aspects such as grades, equality, liberty and regulation, forming four corresponding concepts of justice such as classism, equalitarianism, liberalism and welfarism. In contemporary, with John Rawls as the representative, welfarism plays a dominant role. Its principle of justice can be summed up as equal opportunities, same standards, free competition, differences protection, proper adjustment and justice upholding. The basic premise of all these six principles of justice is to respect and protect the freedom and rights of individuals. Different thinkers have different views on the content of justice. This article involves several ways of classifications which provide a premise of public management concepts, principles, selection.On this basis, the paper argues that public management justice refers to individuals and organizations getting their deserved in the process of the government and other public management subject allocating public resources, public services, public projects and dealing with social issues, thus providing citizens with equal access to public opportunities, and distributing fairly public goods and public services among the community. Public management justice is the unity of public management fairness and public management righteous as well as formal justice and substantial justice which consists of three interdependent basic dimensions of distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice. In order to more fully and accurately grasp the concept of public administration justice, the paper discusses the general characteristics of public administration justice:the dependence on public power and association with the public interest of plurality, multi-subjectivity and politics. To further illustrate these general characteristics, the paper gives an introduction on the relationships between public management justice and social justice, public administration justice and justice in organization.Chapter three discusses justice of public management distribution, procedural justice, and interactional justice respectively according to the three dimensions above. These three dimensions interacts with three links such as value targets selection of public management policies, program design of public management process and interacts of public management policy process. These three links are interrelated and intermingle with each other.The distribution of public resource and public interest should be given top priority. This paper argues that as the value orientation of public management, justice is determined by its publicity, which is embodied in three aspects:social management is the solution to social public problems, the expression and performance of public will, and is a kind of multivariate management. And in the analysis of its publicity, justice is the core. From the perspective of public policy, distribution justice in public management means that the subject of public management fairly and reasonably distribute citizen’s rights and obligations, public resources (including opportunities), as well as public goods, so that all the stakeholders could get what they deserve. Distribution justice in public management is of both ethics and practice significance. Its ethics significance lies in its affirmation to individual value and the support to citizens’ dignity; while its practice significance finds expression through its core position and feature in police of public management and its function in achieving justice. Specifically speaking, distribution justice in public management offer both value orientation and standard to distribution justice. According to the general principle of justice, the fundamental aim of public management, as well as the features of contemporary public management, this paper believes that the distribution justice should follow:(1) the value of public interest;(2) equality, democracy, the rule of law;(3)universality;(4) combined distribution by contribution and adjustment together;(5) continuing consent. Designing the process of public police requires procedural justice. Public policy refers to the institutional choice and the sum of action order, which is through rational balance, to find and select a most efficient public policy to meet the demand of justice, in the course of public policy formulation, implementation, evaluation, supervision, feedback, termination, thus ensuring the democratic rights of citizens and respecting their dignity. The procedural justice of public policy is incomplete. For it is aiming at protecting citizen right of free and equal participation through legitimate procedural design and preventing public power from becoming a tool for personal gain through restraining procedural design. The fundamental standard of procedural justice in public policy is substantial justice, while substantial justice derives two standards to decide the priority for procedural justice:one is the breadth and depth of citizen participation and the other is the legitimacy of exercising public power in the program. Requirement of procedural justice is embodied in three aspects:a wide participation of citizen in decision making, equal main position among policies, and value neutrality in the policy process. When it comes to designing the proper citizen access to procedural justice, by analyzing the impossibility of the basic principle of "general consensus" both theoretically and in reality, this paper argue that in contemporary democratic society, public policy process should be designed allowing as much as citizen to participate in. Absorbing the public will of Rousseau, the democratic participation and public choice theories which demand justice, this paper argues that Habermas’s theory of justice, basing on the theory of communicative action and the theory of deliberative democracy, offer us a better way.Interactional justice of public management been neglected for a long time. People’s attention toward justice issues have already turned from distribution justice to procedural justice. In recent years, researches on interactional justice in organizational justice enjoy a rapid development, and the study of social justice have notice the relational perspective of justice. All of these indicate that our attentions shift again from procedural justice to interactional justice. This paper extends the scope of research on interactional justice in organization, transforming and expanding the research on social relation justice and discussing interactional justice as a dimension of public management. This part firstly combs through the interaction in the process of public management, and sorts out that the interaction between the government and the public is of most important, upon which, this interaction can be divided into two dimension: social dimension and the specific aspects of public management. However, no matter in which dimension, interactional justice always includes two aspects, one is the justice among subjects, the other is information justice. This paper believes that the basic requirements of public management interactional justice are:coordinating the principal status, mutual respecting in bilateral treatments, maintaining the right to know as well as public participating and government responding. On the basis of analyzing the performance of interactive injustice as well as its negative impact, preventing and eliminating injustice interactive in the aspects of abiding by the Constitution and law, enhancing citizen’s subject consciousness and participation awareness and enhancing public officers’justice quality. And an information disclose system, open exchange system, as well as hearing system can ensure its execution. Chapter four mainly discusses the achievement of justice in public management, from the perspective of public power. Public power is to maintain social public order, increasing social public interest. Public management must be implemented by virtue of public power; public management justice must be achieved based on public power. The role of public power in the implementation process of public management justice is mainly reflected in the following aspects:first, establishing justice ideals and targets for of the community; second, achieving legalization of management justice and implementing the requirements of public management justice; finally, playing an important role in supervising government officials during the process of achieving public management justice.Public management justice also makes demand on the reasonability and legitimacy of public power. Specifically speaking, public power should have its aim and mission, reasonable structure, active performance, and appropriate limitation, as well as requirements to administrative officials. This paper argues that the purpose and mission of the public power are to ensure the freedoms and rights of all members of the community, to ensure that public opportunities are equally accessible to all members of the community, so that public interests can be distributed equally among community members, and constantly enhance public interest and overall strength, as well as adhere to the principles of sustainable development. The precondition of structural reasonability is to decentralize power. Basing on this, a systematic public power structure should have two subsystems:a horizontal subsystem and a vertical one. The former includes system of opinion reflecting, system of law making, system of daily management, and monitoring system. The latter is mainly about reasonability of hierarchy and rationality of privileges. Public management require the public power to take actively actions, addition to the daily public management practices, the safety, stability and harmony of the community, scientific outlook of its development, the rational allocation of available resources, as well as stimulating the initiative and creativity of community are also of great important. Public power is not born with, it is limited and under supervision. All of these confine the public managers of public power, among which "limited" is the key. In order to ensure that public managers do not exceed their limited powers, we must clearly define public power, and punish those who violate the regulations, as well as constrain the public power by internal checks and balances of itself and external public opinion. Justice in public management demand government officials to have both ability and political integrity, thus ensure proper and effective performance of public power.Improper use of public power may be harmful to public management justice mainly in four aspects:seeking private gain through power, abuse of public power, excessive pursuit the growth of public interest, and nonfeasance of public power. The main reasons for abuse, favoritism, and nonfeasance of public power are:Government is out of the control of sovereignty. There is no comprehensive mechanism to reflect public opinion. The rule of law does not be implemented. There is no clear and effective limit and restrict toward public managers. Therefore, we can solve these problems by enhancing awareness that the administration may damage the justice in public management, improving the governance structure of community, and preventing state power from damaging justice in public management, as well as strengthening restriction the powers of officials. |
