Contrastive Study Of Transitional Complex Sentences In Chinese And Japanese

Transitional complex sentences are one of the most important types of complex sentences.They are various and sem antically-complicated both in Chinese an d Japanese.Thus through parallel com parison method of Japanese-Chinese and Chinese-Japanese,the thesis co mprehensively and system atically contrasts the similarities and dif ferences of transitional complex sentences in C hinese and Japanese from four aspects of the e xpectations,factual concessions,sudden conversions and accidental adv ersative sentences referring to "CJCS" and specifically analyzes the corresponding conditions.There are six chapters in the thesis.Chapter one is introduction,interpreting th e research purpose,literature review of transitional complex sentences,research objects,survey data a nd research methods.Chapter two specifically analyzes th e features of expectations in transitional complex sentences from the perspective of conditions of inference,subject cognition,anti-expectation inference,and contrasts respectively the similarities and differences of transition inference of concession sentences,sudden turn sentences,twist sentences in Chinese and Japanese.There is a lot of common expectations in concession sentences and sudden turn sentences when Chinese and Japanese transitional complex sentences are concerned.Concession sentences in Chinese and Ja panese both deny the speaker ’s natural expectations,while sudden turn sentences deny the listener’s expectations,including natural and potential expectations.Accident al adversative sentences in Chinese and Japanese both deny the natural expectations of the former clause and express the unexpected emotion,but the unexpected subjects are different.Chinese can not only express the speaker’s unexpectation,but also the listener ’s unexpectation which the speaker infers from what he heard.However,Japanese can only express the speaker’s unexpectation.In Chapter III,Chinese and Japanese concession sentences are compared.First,the nature and category of factual concessi ons are studied following the analysis of the mapping between Chinese adve rsative complex sentences and “nimokakawarasu”,“towaie”,“m onono” and the m apping between Chinese character “sui” and Japanese transitional complex sentences.At last,similarities and differences of Chinese and Japanese f actual concessions are presented after comparisons of sem antic preference c onditions and the equivalence degree for Chinese and Japanese inter-translation.This chapter also summarizes the conditions for translating Chinese and Japanes e concession sentences into dif ferent sentence patterns of target language.On the basis of se mantic relation be tween clauses and speaker ’s intention,factual concessions are divide d into four categories: nimokakawarasu” is a counter causal phenomenon and descriptive word,“t owaie” is a counter causal viewpoint and expressive word,“monono” is word used for viewpoints that are opposite to that of the speaker ’s while Chinese “s ui” in factu al concession is a co mprehensive expression,mapping more than one Japa nese words.In light of this,both “nimokakawarasu” and “towaie” have a good m apping to “sui” in Chinese factual concessions.In addition to the opposite meaning to different views of the speaker,“monono” bears the sam e progressive transition meaning with sudden conversions and parataxis sentences so it has around 50% sim ilarity with “sui”.The fact that “sui” in Ch inese factual concessio ns has a poor m apping to “nim okakawarasu”,“towaie” and “monono” is mainly attributed to semantic,style and other limits.Each of these three only has one semantic meaning of “sui” and is wr itten language while “sui” can be used in both spoken and written languages.As a result,“sui” has a 70% good mapping to “ga·keredo”,which is not lim ited by style,the speaker’s intention,etc.in sudden conversions.In Chapter IV,Chinese and Japanese s udden conversions are com pared: first,semantic classification of transitional complex sentences is studied f ollowing the specific analysis of the m apping between Chinese character “d an” and Japanese adversative complex sentences as well as the mapping between “ga” and “nagara” and Chinese adversativ e complex sentences.This chapter also summ arizes the conditions for translating Chinese and Japa nese sudden conversions into dif ferent sentence patterns of target language.Finally,similarities and dif ferences of Chinese and Japanese sudden conversions are analyzed with respect to semantic preferen ce condition and the equivalence degree for Chinese and Japanese inter-translation.The "dan" expresses paratactic transition,sequential connective transition,progressive transition,anti-causality and limited supplements."Nagara" is used in the minimum range.It can only indicate co-e xisted paratactic transition relationship and anti-causality relationship."ga" is the most widely used.Excep t for "dan" meaning,it can also indicate the prepositive 、topic-focus、insertion、paratactic relationship、sequential connective relationship and non-"comparison and contrast" progressive relationship.From the perspective of qualification,"nagara" has much more qualifications with low hypotaxis degrees.For instance,sa me subject and sam e point in tim e are required in the previous and follow-up clauses,and main clause cannot use expressions such as boost,commands."ga" and "dan" have no limitations like that.From the perspective of correspondi ng degree of Chinese-Japanese and Japanese-Chinese translation,respectively,Japanese translation of "nagara" has the highest matching degree with the C hinese sentences in original text,accounting for 59% of the total,which may have something to do with the hypotaxis degree and the speaker’s subjective perspective.74.8% of Chinese "dan" is translated into Japanese transitional complex sentences,in which "ga" accounts for 89.4%,stating that the Chinese word "dan" in sudden turn sentences has higher corresponding degree to the transitional auxiliary word "ga".There is only 41.2% Japanese "ga" translated into transitional sentence,indicat ing that "ga" has much more broad application range than the Chinese transitional sentence.Japa nese "ga" can on ly translate to Chinese transition sentences when "ga" has anti-causality and contrast m eaning.When prepositive、topic-focus、insertion,etc.,are involved,"ga" cannot be translated into Chinese transition sentences.Chapter five contrasts accidental adversative sentences in Chinese and Japanese.Firstly,I concretely analyze Chinese "que" and Japanese transitional com plex sentence,the correspondence of "noni" an d Chinese transitional complex sentences.Then,I contrast the s imilarities and differences of accidental adversativ e sentences in Chinese and Japanese from the perspective of semantic selection criteria and the corresponding degree of Chinese-Japanese and Japanese-Chinese translation.Thi s chapter also summarizes the con ditions for trans lating Chinese and Japanes e accidental adversative sentences into different sentence patterns of target language.Both of "que" and "noni" can expre ss the opposite situation of facts and expected inference,showing unexpected feelings,but there are great dif ferences."Que" is rather widely us ed than "noni"."Que" indi cates two m eanings.One is non-transition semantics when there is a sudd en accident,and the o ther one is transition semantics when the fact is oppos ite to the expectations.However,"noni" mainly expresses the opposite situation of facts and expected inference."noni" is the speaker’s subject cognition.Its inferential conditions are necessary conditions,mainly expressing the speaker ’s dissatisfaction,regret,expectations,etc."que" in Chinese is the listener ’s subject cognition.Its inferential conditions can be both necessary and possible co nditions,indicating the unexpected feeling.Furthermore,the subject can be both speaker and listener.Since "que" and "noni" have dif ferent application scopes and express dif ferent feelings,the corresponding degree is not high.The sixth chapter is the conclusion.It summarizes the m ain ideas and innovation views of the thesis and put up with subjects worthy of further study.