| It was after 20th century that "Art History" emerged clearly and definitely in Chinese academic circles clearly.The intellectual history of Art in late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China directly breeds the embryo of modern Chinese Art system.The dissertation is about to start from a study of a very famous debate in early 20th century--controversy for Chinese and Western painting.Actually the collision of the intellectual controversy began from late Qing Dynasty,gradually climbing up to peak in successive Republic of China,even continuing to these days,and has important influence on Chinese painting today.Since the beginning of the 20th century,many aritsts and scholars tried hard to seek the revolutionary path for Chinese Art from different position,in the meanwhile generate individual art ideas,which not only profoundly influence the Chinese art at that time,but also give strong stress on the development of current Chinese art.The author believes,through sorting out the factors forming modern art history,we can find solutions to current art critics on methodological principles,and eventually can provide a historical reference to contemporary painters.The Opium War was the strongest attack of ancient Orient receiving from the West.When the rule of Qing Dynasty was in huge dangers,with the invasion of the Western powers by solid battleships and cannons,it also brought the rapid spread of western culture.Thus,the base of traditional Chinese aesthetic was not longer firm.As the whole social value system has undergone a profound change,the aesthetic principle has naturally became a sensitive factor that could reflect the social changes.It should be said that in terms of modern Chinese art,especially for fine art ideas,the introduction of western concept of "fine art" is of great significance.It presents that art as the breakthrough point,from which the not only the surface of ethnic differences in oriental and western culture was about to be broken,but also defined the further profound development gap between Chinese and western society.And the gap,in fact,is just a gap between medieval and modern age.In the ancient Orient,there was no concept of "Art" corresponding with the West system.For example,China only has calligraphy and painting,both could be included in the category of art.Others such as architecture,sculpture,crafts and so on are all something to do with builders.Therefore,when the word "art" was introduced in China,most people believe that art is equals to the technology of the west,which is unique to the west,but can not to be found in the East.Overview the artistic views held by the late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China artists and theorists,you can see what people's strongest point is for the social education function of art,which is actually put the art as a subordinate tool to the political needs,and in a certain extent ignore the essence of art.From the "Westernization Movement" to the new culture movement,with the introduction of Western science,technology and the humanities,the Chinese academic circles intensely deny the traditional culture,of course,traditional art idea and artistic ideas were both included.A large number of fine arts overseas students travel to the west,mostly to seek the "art" as one of the western "technology".Their return has the most direct contribution to stimulate Chinese modern art in emerging art education.Modern China has been open to the world and unable to be an independent country that avoids all the foreign cultures with a shield,no matter the impact is passive or active,China must directly face to the challenge and stimulation from outland,it was an inevitable opportunity given by the history.The sudden arrival of the opportunities,expose the education reform in the late Qing Dynasty,especially in fine arts education reform,to a urgent position that need to be deal with right now.The sudden rise of new national art institutions of higher education present the establishment of the system to Chinese modern art educational thoughts,and the perfection of the structure to Chinese modern art education.And the most far-reaching impact on China's modern art education and even the further art development process is the establishment of Cai Yuanpei's aesthetic education thought system,definitely including his strong advocate to Chinese art education.Cai Yuanpei advocated to apply to aesthetic education instead of religion,hoping using purely aesthetic education to cultivate people's feelings;he put aesthetics as a symbol for liberty and progress,self liberation of human nature as well,which established the strong position of Chinese modern art education in the modern educational system.Cai Yuanpei,Xu Beihong,Lin Fengmian are three key characters that made biggest influence to Chinese modern art education.Their educational thoughts respectively from their own points of view draw the outline of the overall framework of art education in modern China.The profound influence of the May 4th Movement led to the overall intensive reforms in Chinese cultural thoughts,and the introduction of Western painting further gave the declined traditional Chinese painting and backward art concept a strong attack.Where is the direction for Chinese painting development,and how to develop,has become a first raise up and need to be solved problem in the early Republic of China,especially in the May 4th new art movement.It was Lv Cheng and Chen Duxiu who first raised the banner of "art revolution".With their point of view,the so-called art revolution in the period of the May 4th movement in fact is not a pure artistic revolution,but a profound social revolution in the name of art thought.The urgent appeal to fine art revolution spread out.The literary revolution has developed very fast after 1927,from which art circle also inevitably influenced and enlightened.The proletarian consciousness began to establish in some artist's mind,along with the tide of the left-wing literature and art of the world,subsequently.lead to the left wing art movement in China.The Time Art Society is the predecessor of The Alliance of the Leftist Artists,and it is the bud of the Chinese left-wing art movement.The establishment of the Alliance of the Leftist Artists indicate that the Communist Party of China has broken through previous limitations,no longer just provide a platform for the artists,but began to pay attention to the direct leadership of left-wing art groups,reflecting the Communist Party of China(CPC)has identify the recognition of Chinese left wing Artists Alliance,also reflecting CPC has set a high value on the role of art in the struggle of the Communist Party of China.The development of community art activities in the late period of the Alliance of the Leftist Artists,can not be separated from the guidance of Lu Xun in the technical aspects of printmaking,but also can not be separated from his guidance in art ideas.Lu Xun transfer the ideology of the Communist Party of China's literary and artistic popularization into specific guidance in the creation of new print,through the help and support from many powers,made Chinese left-wing art grow vigorously.It should be said that Lu Xun with the new woodcut movement,which he advocated and concerned about,in prominent perspectives grasping the essential art spirit of how to remain into the society and beyond the utilitarian at the same time.He made a successful staged paradigm in modern art creation.In February 1938,proposed by Mao Zedong,Zhou Enlai,Lin Boqu,Xu Teli,Cheng Fangwu,Ai Siqi,and Zhou Yang et al issued a joint declaration "The Origin of establishment" announcing the establishment of Yan'an Lu Xun Academy of Art.Then in April,they released "the Declaration on the establishment of Lu Xun Academy of Art".From its early days,Yan'an Lu Xun Academy of Art is mainly focus on "serve the war,serve the tough and long-term national liberation war",cultivate a large amount of literary cadres in badly needs;also focus on preparing to "create a new Chinese art" at the same time.In 1942,Mao made a speech in Yan'an literature and art Forum and put forward "two directions" and "double hundred" policy,led realism western art combined with the Communist Party of China political propaganda content,and clearly evolved into literature and art's aims are for the political and literary needs of the workers,peasants and soldiers.The Communist Party of China advocates the combination of art and politics,in order to arouse people's struggle spirits,which is the common value orientation of art criticism in this period.As a tool of revolutionary propaganda,realism has become an inevitable choice of art development in the first of twentieth Century of China.Under the premise of emphasizing realistic,with the guidance of Marxist theory of literature and art and Mao Zedong's thought of literature and art,the art of liberated area in Yan'an has gradually set up the theory of revolutionary realism literature and art.On the basis of guiding principle that Mao Zedong emphasized the "literary serves the workers,peasants and soldiers",the basic principles have been completely implemented,along with the war development,the literature and art education policy became more and more clear.Even decades after the founding of new People's Republic of China,the policy has not been shaken. |
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