| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)has been widely used in the clinical treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders,such as Parkinson's disease,depression,schizophrenia and dementia,since the introduction of magnetic stimulation in 1985.The key feature of rTMS is its magnetic field through the skull,which induces an electric field that is sufficient to stimulate neurons and excitability of brain was changed within a short period of time.rTMS has frequency specificity.rTMS can elicit an excitatory or inhibitory effect on neural circuitry not only at the stimulation site beneath the coil but also in areas of the brain that are not directly under the coil.It is generally believed that low frequency(<1 Hz)rTMS is likely to inhibit neuronal firing in a localized area,whereas high frequency(5-25 Hz)rTMS leads to neuronal depolarization,causing an excitatory effect under the stimulating coil,and is more likely to result in a significant neural enhancement and/or cognitive improvement.At the same time,rTMS has location specificity.It is generally believed that the Left dorsal frontal lobe area is involved in cognitive and emotional.rTMS over the left DLPFC tends to improve the emotional,cognitive function.A large body of evidence suggests that rTMS is not only clinically effective in treating neuropsychiatric disorders but also enable patients with these diseases to achieve better performance in various cognitive tasks,such as word recall verbal memory,association memory,selective attention,language performance and other executive functions.Guse B reviewed that rTMS at 10,15 or 20 Hz,applied over the left DLPFC,within a range of 10–15 successive sessions and an individual motor threshold of 80–110%,is most likely to cause significantcognitive improvement including verbal memory,word recall,verbal fluency,Stroop task,association memory,selective attention and other executive functions.Many studies have demonstrated that these improvements in cognition were maintained for 8 weeks to 3 months after several days of rTMS treatment.rTMS is a promising tool for the enhancement of cognitive function and easy to operate,with few side effects.rTMS is not only clinically effective in treating neuropsychiatric disorders but also enable patients with these diseases to achieve better performance in various cognitive tasks.In recent years,however,the effects of rTMS on cognition in healthy individuals have garnered increasing interest.In view of the current literatures,the studies of rTMS effects on the cognitive function in healthy subjects are less and the results are still contradictory.For example,healthy young females who received one session of high-frequency(10 Hz)rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC)performed better in a Stroop task than those who received sham stimulation.A similar improvement was observed by Hwang who found that healthy young males showed fewer commission errors in a Conners' continuous performance test after rTMS.However,Rounis E found that there was no improvement in attentional reorienting after one session of HF-rTMS applied over the left DLPFC in healthy volunteers.Thus it can be seen that previous studies included exclusively single-session stimulations and the results of rTMS on cognition are inconsistent.Generally,it was believed that longer stimulation trains would induce more lasting effects.In the past 10 years,there have been few articles that focus on the rTMS effects on the cognitive function in healthy people.Most of the studies tend to suggest that high frequency rTMS can improve performance of the cognitive task,and significantly decrease the response time and event-related potential P3 latency.However,some other studies suggest that high-frequency rTMS damage the function of attention or do not affect the cognitive function.And there are a small number of scholars believe that low-frequency rTMS can improve the performance of subjects in delayed visual memory work.Therefore,it is still controversial about theeffects of rTMS on cognitive function,e.g.,rTMS effects with different frequencies,different location,the mechanism of rTMS et al.The biological mechanisms underlying the effects of rTMS on neuropsychiatric disorders and cognition are very complicated and remain largely unclear.Previous studies have shown that rTMS has the effect of promoting nerve remodeling,promoting the healing of damaged peripheral nerve and restoring conduction function,promoting cell proliferation of rat brain after cerebral ischemia,improving neurological function,et al.The underlying mechanism may be changes of contralateral synaptic ultrastructure and regulation of dopamine synthesis and release.rTMS can reduce the levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and increase the levels of dopamine in the striatum and hippocampus.We found that rTMS can increase proliferation of PC12 cells the number of dopamine in the extracellular fluid.In the animal model,we found that rTMS can upregulate the expression of GAP-43,Syp and neurotrophic factors and suggested that rTMS can promote nerve regeneration and synaptic remodeling.Previous studies have suggested that blood flow and metabolic changes at the stimulation site,brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation,improvements in synaptic plasticity and changes in the activity of the neural circuitry of the DLPFC-cingulate cortex,including both the DLPFC and the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC),are involved.However,there are few studies using event-related potential technology(ERP)and magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)to explore the mechanism of rTMS.Therefore,the present study aimed to investigate the effects of multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC on cognitive function and its underlying possible electrophysiology,brain metabolism in healthy participants using ERP measurements and MRS measurements.The randomized controlled design,the application of classical psychological experimental paradigm is used in the present study.Three purposes of the studies were as follows:(1)whether the high frequency rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can improve the cognitive function of healthypeople from the behavioral point of view.(2)and to clarify the intrinsic electrophysiological mechanism of rTMS on cognitive function using ERP technology,and to provide possible and theoretical basis for rTMS on cognitive function in healthy subjects.(3)the effect of rTMS on local metabolism of brain was studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Part one The effects of high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC on cognitive control in young healthy participants.Objective: To observe the effects of multiple sessions of high frequency rTMS on cognitive function in healthy young participants and its possible neurophysiological mechanism.Methods:1 Participants Fifty healthy postgraduate students(24 males and 26 females)from the Hebei Medical University in China were involved in the present study.The age range of the sample was 24-30 years.Participants who met the following criteria were enrolled in the study: 1)scores on the two mood scales(24-item HAMD and HAMA)that were each less than seven and scores on the Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE)and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(Mo CA),which are widely used to screen for mild cognitive impairment,that were each greater than 27;2)no previous exposure to rTMS;3)no contraindications to rTMS exposure(e.g.,epilepsy);4)no metal implants in any part of the body,e.g.,cardiac pacemaker,metal implants in the head or neck region,fixation elements and artificial joints;5)no tattoos on any part of the body;6)no history of neurologic or psychiatric disease or other health problems;7)right-handedness(based on self-report);8)normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal color vision as assessed by basic vision tests;9)no major self-reported life events during the study period;and 10)no alcohol use throughout the procedure.The participants were randomly assigned to the rTMS group(25 participants)or the sham rTMS group(25participants).The mean age of the rTMS group was(26.6 ± 1.15)years and(26.9 ± 1.68)years in the sham rTMS group.Each group included 12 malesubjects and 13 female subjects.Age and gender were matched across the two groups.2 Behavioural experiments(Stroop color-word task):The classical Stroop color-word task was administered,and the behavioral data were collected prior to and after rTMS or sham rTMS administration.Each individual completed the Stroop task at the same time of day(in the morning or in the afternoon).Each participant completed a computerized classical Stroop color-word task in Chinese characters.The stimuli consisted of congruent and incongruent stimuli,and the probability of either stimulus being presented was 50%.The congruent stimuli consisted of four color words in Chinese characters(red,yellow,green,blue)written in the same color in which the stimulus was presented,while the incongruent stimuli consisted of the same four words,but the display color did not match the word.The participants were asked to respond as fast and accurately as possible and to identify the printed color while ignoring the semantic meaning of each word.3 ERP and EEG recording The EEG data were recorded at 64 scalp sites according to the 10±20international placement system,with Ag/Ag Cl electrodes mounted in an elastic cap and a Neuro Scan 4.5 EEG/ERP recording system(amplifier type:Syn Amps 2).The EEG data were processed offline with Neuro Scan 4.5software.4 rTMS procedure rTMS was applied according to safety guidelines based on available safety studies of rTMS.Both real and sham rTMS were applied over the left DLPFC with a figure-eight-shaped coil.The stimulation site was the left DLPFC,the stimulation intensity was 110% of the motor threshold of the right abductor pollicis brevis muscle,and the stimulation frequency was 10 Hz.The left DLPFC stimulation site was defined as being 5 cm anterior from the area of the optimal site for the primary motor cortex of the left hemisphere(the method of Pascual-Leone).5 Data analysis All data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software.Repeated-measures analyses of variance(ANOVA)with group(real rTMS and sham rTMS)×time(T1,at baseline,before stimulation;T2,immediately after 7 days of rTMS or sham rTMS;)× congruency(congruent stimuli or incongruent stimuli)factors were used in the present study.The Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used to adjust for sphericity violations,and a post hoc comparison was applied to evaluate the significance of the interaction obtained in the ANOVA.P values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results:1 Side effect of high-frequency rTMS All participants completed the entire procedure for the present study.Overall,rTMS was safe and well tolerated.One participant in the sham rTMS group noted minor scalp discomfort,and one participant in the rTMS group experienced a minor headache.No seizures or other adverse effects were observed.2 Behavioral data for the Stroop task There were significant behavioral improvements of the Stroop task in the rTMS group,i.e.,the RTs on both the incongruent and congruent trials decreased significantly after real rTMS.However,there were no effects on the accuracy.2.1 The RT data No main group effect [F(1,48)=0.436,P = 0.512,?p2 = 0.009] was found.However,a significant main effect regarding time [F(1,48)= 17.340,P<0.001,?p2 = 0.265] was found.The mean RTs decreased significantly at the second time point(T2,immediately after 7 days of rTMS or sham rTMS)compared with the first time point(T1,at baseline,before stimulation)(665.07 ms vs.708.87 ms,P<0.001).Additionally,a congruency effect was found [F(1,48)= 134.138,P<0.001,?p2 = 0.736].The mean RTs for the congruent stimuli were faster than those for the incongruent stimuli(616.4 ms vs.756.8 ms,P<0.001).An interaction effect of time × group [F(1,48)=6.022,P = 0.018,?p2 = 0.211] was found.Further analysis revealed that the mean RT in the rTMS group was shorter than that in the sham rTMS group at T2(P = 0.043),whereas there was no significant difference with respect to this parameter at T1(P = 0.672).There were no significant congruency ×group [F(1,48)= 0.000,P = 0.999,?p2 = 0.000] or group × time ×congruency [F(1,48)= 0.063,P= 0.803,?p2 = 0.001] interactions.2.2 Stroop interference effect For the Stroop interference effect,no main group effect [F(1,48)= 0.094,P = 0.760,?p2 =0.002] or group × time interactions[F(1,48)= 0.063,P =0.803,?p2 = 0.001] was found.2.3 The accuracy data There was a significant main congruency effect [F(1,48)= 103.002P<0.001,?p2 = 0.682].The accuracy of the response with the congruent stimuli was higher than that with the incongruent stimuli(98.47% vs.94.09%,P<0.001).No other significant main effects or interactions were found..3 ERP data The frontocentral N2 and N450 amplitudes in the rTMS group were larger than those in the sham rTMS group at T2,whereas there was no significant difference at T1.In addition,the amplitudes of N450 were larger in the rTMS group than in the sham rTMS group for incongruent stimuli but not congruent stimuli.The negative correlations between the mean amplitudes of both N2 and N450 and the RTs were found in the current study,however,the latter correlations were restricted to incongruent trials.3.1 N2 component The results revealed a significant main effect of time [F(1,48)= 76.191,P<0.001,?p2 = 0.613],i.e.,the mean amplitude of the N2 component at T2 was more negative than that at T1.An interaction effect of time × group [F(1,48)=22.147,P<0.001,?p2 = 0.316] was found.Further analysis revealed that the mean amplitude of N2 in the rTMS group was larger than that in the sham rTMS group at T2(P = 0.010),whereas there was no significant difference with respect to this parameter at T1(P = 0.957).No significant main effectsfor congruency [F(1,48)= 1.245,P = 0.270,?p2 = 0.025],group [F(1,48)=2.135,P = 0.150,?p2 = 0.043] or other interactions were found.3.2 N450 component:A significant main congruency effect [F(1,48)= 43.300,P<0.001,?p2 =0.474] was found,i.e.,the mean amplitude of the N450 component was more negative in response to incongruent stimuli than congruent stimuli.Additionally,a congruency × group interaction [F(1,48)= 3.966,P = 0.050,?p2 = 0.076] was noted.Further analysis revealed that the mean amplitude of N450 in the rTMS group was larger than that in the sham rTMS group under the incongruent condition(P = 0.002)but not under the congruent condition(p= 0.965).Meanwhile,a significant main time effect [F(1,48)= 8.041,P =0.007,?p2 = 0.143] was found.The interaction effect of time × group [F(1,48)= 4.575,P = 0.038,?p2 = 0.107] was significant.Further analysis revealed that the mean N450 amplitude in the rTMS group was larger than that in the sham rTMS group at T2(P = 0.004)but not at T1(P = 0.867).There were no main effects for group [F(1,48)= 0.679,P = 0.414,?p2 = 0.014].No other significant interaction effects were found.3.3 Correlation analysis For the N2 component,the mean amplitudes of N2 were negatively correlated with the RTs for the congruent stimuli and incongruent stimuli at two time points.in two groups(P<0.05),indicating that the larger the N2 amplitude,the shorter the RT for both types of stimuli.However,the correlation was not enhanced or diminished by rTMS.The mean amplitude of N2 was not significantly correlated with accuracy for the congruent stimuli or the incongruent stimuli at two time points in the rTMS and sham rTMS groups(P>0.05).For the N450 component,the mean amplitudes of N450 were negatively correlated with the RTs for the incongruent stimuli at two time points in two groups(P<0.05).Furthermore,the correlation was enhanced significantly by rTMS(r value:-0.616 vs-0.381)rather than sham rTMS.However,the mean amplitude of N450 was not correlated with RTs for the congruent stimuli and accuracy for the congruent stimuli or incongruentstimuli(P>0.05).Part two The effects and electrophysiological mechanism of highfrequency of rTMS over the left DLPFC on response inhibition in young healthy participantsObjective: To observe the effects of multiple sessions of high frequency rTMS on response inhibition in healthy young participants and its possible neurophysiological mechanism.Methods:1 Participants The participants and groups were similar to Part one.2 Behavioural experiments(Go/No Go task)The Go/No Go task was administered,and the behavioral data were collected prior to and after rTMS or sham rTMS administration.Each individual completed the Go/No Go task at the same time of day(in the morning or in the afternoon).Each participant completed a computerized Go/No Go task.The stimuli consisted of Go and Nogo stimuli(probability of20% No Go and 80% Go trials).The participants were required to respond upon appearance of the Go stimuli,e.g.letter “X”,by pressing a button on the keyboard with the index finger of their dominant hand as quickly as possible and to refrain from responding upon appearance of the No Go stimuli(stop).Before the formal task,the participants completed one practice block,which consisted of 20 trials that were similar to those used in the experimental blocks.The experimental Go/No Go task included two blocks that each consisted of240 trials(for a total of 480 trials).This paradigm is implemented through E-Prime software.3 ERP and EEG recording The EEG data were recorded when Go/No Go task was performed at 64 scalp sites according to the 10-20 international placement system,with Ag/Ag Cl electrodes mounted in an elastic cap and a Neuro Scan 4.5 EEG/ERP recording system(amplifier type: Syn Amps 2).The EEG data were processed offline with Neuro Scan 4.5 software.4 rTMS procedure: rTMS procedure is similar to Part one5 Data analysis: All data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software.Repeated-measures analyses of variance(ANOVA)with group(real rTMS and sham rTMS)× time(T1,at baseline,before stimulation;T2,immediately after 7 days of rTMS or sham rTMS;)× type(Go stimuli or No Go stimuli)factors were used in the present study.The Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used to adjust for sphericity violations,and a post hoc comparison was applied to evaluate the significance of the interaction obtained in the ANOVA.P values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results:1 Behavioral data of Go/No Go task The false alarm rate of No Go stimuli was deceased by the high frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC,while the accuracy and hit rate of Go stimuli were not affected.1.1 The hit RT For the RT analysis,no main Group effect [F(1,48)=,0.058 P=0.812] and Time effect [F(1,48)=0.611 P=0.48] were observed.The interaction between Time and Group was not significant(F=1.860,P=0.183).1.2 The accuracy data For hit rate in Go condition analysis,there was no main effects of Group[F(1,48)=0.000,P=1.000] and Time[F(1,48)=0.481,P=0.493].Additionally,no Group × Time [F(1,48)=1.560,P=0.221] interaction were found.1.3 False alarm rate For false alarm rate in No Go condition analysis,no significant main effects for time [F(1,48)=0.254 p=0.618],Group [F(1,48)=0.092,P=0.764]were found.There was a marginally significant Group × Time interaction effect [F(1,48)=2.819,P=0.10].Further analysis revealed that false alarm rate in No Go condition at T2 was decreased significantly than that at T1(t=2.438,P=0.028)in the rTMS group,whereas there was no significant difference between T1 and T2 with respect to these parameters in sham rTMS group(t=-0.657,P=0.521).2 ERP data The amplitude of No Go-N2 is larger than Go-N2 in a Go/No Go task.Multiple sessions of high-frequency of rTMS over the left DLPFC increase the No Go-N2,while there were no effects on the amplitudes of Go-N2 and P3.2.1 N2 component The results revealed a significant main effect of Time [F(1,48)=14.756,P=0.001],i.e.,the mean amplitude of the N2 component at T2 was more negative than that at T1(T1: 3.815 uv,T2:2.617 uv).The main effect of Group was marginally significant [F(1,40)=3.042,P=0.091].The N2 amplitude was larger in rTMS group than that in sham rTMS group(rTMS group: 2.619 uv,sham rTMS group: 3.812uv).A significant main Type effect [F(1,48)=53.899,P<0.001] was found,i.e.,the mean amplitude of the N2 component was more negative in response to No Go stimuli than in response to Go stimuli.An interaction effect of Time × Group [F(1,48)=17.533,P<0.001] was found.Further analysis revealed that the mean amplitude of N2 in the rTMS group was larger than that in the sham rTMS group at T2(t=-3.219,P=0.003),whereas there was no significant difference with respect to this parameter at T1(t=0.156,P=0.877).Additionally,a Type × Group interaction [F(1,48)=4.232,P=0.048] was noted.Further analysis revealed that the mean amplitude of N2 in rTMS group was larger than that in the sham rTMS group in the Nogo condition(t=-2.290,P=0.029)but not in the Go condition(t=-0.051,P=0.960).Most importantly,the Time × Type × Group interaction is significant [F(1,48)=10.710,P=0.003].Further analysis revealed that the mean amplitude of N2 for No Go condition is larger at T2 compared with that at T1 in rTMS group(t=10.041,P<0.001)but not for Go conditions(t=0.465,P=0.649),and there is no difference between T1 and T2 in sham rTMS group for Go condition or No Go condition(Go condition: t=-0.100,P=0.921;No Go condition: t=-0.161,P=0.874).2.2 P3 component The results revealed a significant main effect of Type [F(1,48)=220.860,P<0.001],i.e.,the mean amplitude of the P3 component was more positive inresponse to No Go stimuli than in response to Go stimuli(14.056 uv vs.4.621uv).While there were no main effect of Time [F(1,48)=0.030 P=0.865]and Group [F(1,48)=0.093,P=0.763] and other interactions.Part three The effects of rTMS on brain metabolism in healthy young participantsObjective: To observe the effects of multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS on the brain metabolism in healthy young participant with magnetic resonance spectroscopy technology.Methods:1 Participants The participants and groups were similar to Part one.2 rTMS procedure rTMS procedure was similar to Part one.3 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Double gradient superconducting magnetic resonance system(1.5T,GE Company,the United States)was used in the present study.The volume of interest(VOI)in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was selected by using the T2 WI axial position.Volumepixel size is 15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm.Point Resolution Spectral Sequence(PRESS)was used to obtain Spectrum.TR/TE= 2000/136 ms.Receive / transmit gain adjustment,voxel shimming,water suppression,and water scarcity scanning are performed by the automatic scanning procedure,and the baseline correction and phase correction are performed after obtaining the spectrum.Select the same VOI at the symmetrical part of the other dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the T2 WI axis image and obtain the spectrum using the same method.N-acetylaspartate(NAA),creatine complex(Cr)and choline-containing Compound(Cho)were measured.The ratios of NAA / Cr,Cho / Cr and MI/Cr of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were calculated respectively.4 Data analysis All data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software.Repeated-measures analyses of variance(ANOVA)with group(real rTMS and sham rTMS)×time(T1,at baseline,before stimulation;T2,immediately after 7 days of rTMS or sham rTMS;)× location(left DLFPC or right DLPFC)factors were used in the present study.P values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results:1 The ratio of NAA/Cr of the bilateral DLPFC There was no significant difference in NAA/Cr ratio between the rTMS group and the sham rTMS group before and after magnetic stimulation or sham stimulation.In the ratio of NAA/Cr analysis,no main time effect [F(1,48)=0.035,p= 0.852,?p2 = 0.001],location effect [F(1,48)=3.636,P = 0.063,?p2 =0.070] and group effect[F(1,48)= 0.005,P = 0.944,?p2 = 0.000] was found.Meanwhile,there were no time × group interaction effects [F(1,48)= 0.134,P= 0.2716,?p2 = 0.003],location × group interaction effects [F(1,48)= 0.376,P = 0.543,?p2 = 0.008] and time ×location × group interaction effects[F(1,48)= 0.854,P = 0.360,?p2 = 0.017].That is,there was no significant difference in the ratio of NAA/Cr between the rTMS group and the sham rTMS group before and after rTMS or sham rTMS.2 The ratio of Cho/Cr of the bilateral DLPFC There was no significant difference in Cho/Cr ratio between the rTMS group and the sham rTMS group before and after magnetic stimulation or sham stimulation.In the ratio of Cho/Cr analysis,no main time effect [F(1,48)= 0.021,P =0.885,?p2 = 0.000],location effec [F(1,48)=3.532,P = 0.066,?p2 = 0.069]and group effect[F(1,48)= 0.775,P = 0.383,?p2 = 0.016] was found.Meanwhile,there were no time × group interaction effect [F(1,48)= 0.029,P= 0.866,?p2 = 0.001],location × group interaction effect [F(1,48)= 0.663,P= 0.420,?p2 = 0.014] and time ×location × group interaction effect [F(1,48)= 1.580,P =0.215 ?p2 = 0.032].That is,there was no significant difference in the ratio of Cho/Cr between the rTMS group and the sham rTMS group before and after rTMS or sham rTMS.3 The ratio of MI/Cr of the bilateral DLPFC Multi sessions of high frequency rTMS reduced the MI / Cr ratio of the left DLPFC.In the ratio of MI/Cr analysis,a significant main group effect [F(1,48)=7.153,P = 0.010,?p2 = 0.130] was found.No main time effect [F(1,48)=0.322,P = 0.573,?p2 = 0.007],location effect[F(1,48)=0.696,P = 0.408,?p2= 0.014] were found.Meanwhile,there were no time × group interaction effect [F(1,48)= 0.953,P = 0.334,?p2 = 0.019],location × group interaction effect[F(1,48)= 0.049,P = 0.826,?p2 = 0.001] and time ×location × group interaction effect F(1,48)= 1.580,P =0.215 ?p2 = 0.032].Further analysis revealed that the ratio of MI/Cr in the left DLPFC in the rTMS group was decreased than that in the sham rTMS group(P=0.036).That is,multiple sessions of High frequency rTMS decreased the ratio of MI/Cr of the left DLPFC.Conclusions:1 Multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC have positive effects on cognitive control.rTMS decreases RTs under both congruent and incongruent conditions behaviorally,increases the mean amplitudes of N2 and N450 electrophysiologically.Our results suggested that multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC can increase resource recruitment of cognitive control and enhance efficiency of resources to deploy for conflict resolution during multiple stages of cognitive control processing in healthy young people.2 rTMS can reduce the false alarm rate behaviorally and improve the response inhibition function of healthy young participants.Multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS significantly increased the amplitude of No Go-N2.We suggested that the increasing of No Go-N2 amplitude may be related to the increased excitability of the DLPFC-ACC neural loop.The results are consistent with the excitatory properties of high frequency rTMS.3 The ratio of MI/Cr in the left DLPFC was deceased by multiple sessions of rTMS over left DLPFC.And the metabolic changes of brain maybe a possible mechanism for the improvement of cognition of rTMS. |
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