| This article was originated from the programs and deepening researches on those which were study on the quality standard of calcined Calamine ?YS-129? from National Pharmacopoeia Committee and study on the processing and acting mechanism of Calamine ?CX09B280Z? from Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education. It contains two major parts ?literature research and laboratory studies?.Part one: Literature ResearchBy referring to relative literature dating from ancient time to nowadays, and systematically analyzing the research results and monographs both in China and abroad, we review the points as follows: research on the promoting wound healing by promoting granulation Chinese traditional medicine including curative effect study and mechanism study;research progress of Calamine, containing textual criticized and collated on names and breeds,origin of medicinal material, identification and componential analysis, processing method and mechanism and clinic application; research progress of Halloysitum Rubrum, consisting of textual criticized and collated on names and breeds, origin of medicinal material,identification and componential analysis, processing method and effect, chemical components,pharmacology and toxicology and clinic application.Part two: Laboratory Studies1. 20 herbalist hospitals were investigated and 18 effective questionaires had been gotten. The result is that 43 mineral drugs were being used in Jiangsu and 27 of them were embodied in Chinese Pharmacopoeia including 3 mineral drugs which had almost no usage. But several mineral drugs which were in common use hadn't been involved in it. Moreover,there were some mistakes during the usage of mineral drugs, such as taking no account of producing area. Therefore, it was necessary to study on the unified name, establishment of the national quality standard, the certificate of quality system, processing and mechanism of mineral drugs.2. X-ray powder diffraction ?XRD? was used and the content of zinc oxide ?ZnO? was determined to analyze the quality of original and calcined Calamine. Based on the study on the determination method for ZnO content of calcined Calamine, the character was described, arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium and cuprum were detected of calcined Calamines purchased from market, which master content was zinc compound. The times of repeated calcining and processing method of calcining and wet milling were studied by antibacterial activity and content of ZnO. Furthermore, repeated calcining was compared with calcining and wet milling. Then XRD, infra-red ?IR? and transmission electron microscope ?TEM? were adopted to analyze the structures of Calamine and calcined Calamine and the components in them to discuss the processing method and mechanism of Calamine. Animal model of ear edema caused by xylene in rats was made to observe the anti-inflammation effects, furthermore pain caused by acetic acid in rats was made to observe the analgesic effects of Calamine. The wounds of muscle layer were produced in rats by using surgical operation. The healing state of avoirdupois of the rats and diameter and granulation tissues of the wounds was investigated to probe into Sheng-ji mechanism of Calamine. The brief results and main conclusions were as follows:?1 ? Componential analysis and content determination of original and calcined Calamine: The XRD spectra of original and calcined Calamine purchased from market showed that most of them were CaCO3 and other impurities but ZnCO3 or ZnO, which was in accord with the result of content determination of them. The XRD spectra of those calcined Calamines, which content for ZnO could satisfy clinical requirement,revealed that they were original Calamines. And the contents of lead, cadmium, cuprum and arsenic were high relatively. These results suggested that the origin of Calamine was tanglesome and the quality control of the calcined Calamine was disordered. So it was urgent to establish the management system and quality standard to insure safety and efficiency of medicine. XRD can be applied to identification of the original and calcined Calamine and their quality control.?2? Processing method and mechanism of Calamine: Zinc carbonate in Calamine was decomposed into ZnO after processed at 700?. The calcined Calamine with the best antibacterial activity and content of ZnO was that calcined for one time using Calamine of 40 mesh, or for seven times using that of the size like thumbnail. The content of ZnO of calcined Calamine was preferable by calcined at 700? for 1 hour and then wet milled with Calamine of 40 mesh, the particle size was smaller and more well-proportioned than before, and the method was convenient and economical. So calcining and wet milling was an appropriate processing method for Calamine. Zinc compounds such as ZnO,ZnCO3,ZZn5?CO3?2?OH?6 and ZnSO4 representing some antibacterial activities, which suggested that the efficient component of Calamine was zinc element.?3? Anti-inflammation effects and the analgesic effects of Calamine: Calamine-treated group,the high and low dose groups of calcined Calamine showed significant dose-dependent activities of lowering ear edema of rats. There were statistical differences between these groups and the untreated group ?P<0.01?, respectively.These results suggested that Calamine could reduce the inflammation caused by xylene.Calamine-treated and the high dose group of calcined Calamine could obviously reduce the aching reactions caused by acetic acid. The low dose group of calcined Calamine and Huangqin ointment-treated group could not reduce the aching reactions by acetic acid. But the material basis of anti-inflammation and analgesic effects of Calamine and how to exert these effects were not clear.?4? Effect evalution of Calamine: Calamine and calcined Calamine could not accelerate the comeback of weight of the wounded rats. The number of fibroblast, the number of capillary tube, the diameter of capillary tube, the perimeter of capillary tube and the area of capillary tube in granulation tissue of wounds in the Calamine-treated and calcined Calamine-treated groups were significantly higher than those in the untreated group?P<0.01 or P<0.05?. Through increasing the numbers of neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocyte, calcined Calamine enhanced the immune function of wounds. The anti-inflammation and analgesic effects, the hygroscopicity and antibacterial activity,zinc content potentially be propitious to promote granulation action of Calamine.3,IR and XRD were used and the content of aluminum oxide ?Al2O3? was determined to analyze the quality of original and calcined Halloysitum Rubrum. Based on the study on the determination method for Al2O3 content of calcined Halloysitum Rubrum, arsenic,mercury, lead, cadmium and cuprum were detected of calcined Halloysitum Rubrums purchased from market, which master content was halloysite. Combined thermogravimetric analysis ?TG? with loss on ignition analysis, the processing method was studied by antibacterial activity, hygroscopicity and content of Al2O3. Then XRD, IR,scanning electron microscope ?SEM?, TEM and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ?ICP-MS? were adopted to analyze the structures of original and calcined Halloysitum Rubrum and the components in them to discuss the processing method and mechanism of Halloysitum Rubrum. At the same time, the pH value and water-soluble extracts were determined. The brief results and main conclusions are as follows:?1? Componential analysis and content determination of original and calcined Halloysitum Rubrum: The IR spectra of Halloysitum Rubrums buyed from market showed that 13 batches Halloysitum Rubrums among 14 batches were halloysite. While the XRD indicated that only 4 batches Halloysitum Rubrums were halloysite, which was in accord with the result of content determination of them. So IR could not be used to differentiate the Halloysitum Rubrums solely. XRD can be applied to identification of the original and calcined Calamine and their quality control. And the contents of lead,cuprum and arsenic were high relatively. So it was urgent to establish the management system and quality standard to insure safety and efficiency of medicine.?2? Processing method and mechanism of Halloysitum Rubrum: The Al2O3 content of Halloysitum Rubrum increased after processing. Whether adding rice vinegar or not, the quantity of rice vinegar and the time of calcining were without any obviously affection on the Al2O3 content and structure of Halloysitum Rubrum. The Al2O3 content,hygroscopicity and water-soluble extracts were enhanced when per 100 kilogram Halloysitum Rubrum with 30 kilogram rice vinegar calcined at 700? for 1 hour. And the Halloysitum Rubrum became acid, its antibacterial activity became worse. The material basis of Halloysitum Rubrum was not clear.According to the above results, this study possesses the following innovations:1. The quality standard of calcined Calamine was perfected and the results was adopted by National Pharmacopoeia Committee. The determination method of content was studied.Based on the study on the componential analysis, the character was described, arsenic,mercury, lead, cadmium and cuprum were detected of calcined Calamines purchased from market, which master content was zinc compound. The minimum of ZnO content in calcined Calamine was 56.0 %.2. Modern methods and technology were used to illuminate the processing mechanism of Calamine systematically. A variety of methods of chemical composition analysis and characterization were adopted to screen out the best processing methd of Calamine. And the appropriate processing method was gained, which was calcining and wet milling, and the processing mechanism was made clear. Zinc carbonate decomposed to zinc oxide after calcined and the content of zinc increased. Water quenching made Calamine be easy to be crushed. Wet milling can remove the soluble impurity and made the granule be small and well-proportioned. After calcined the humidity absorption of Calamine was better and could enhanced its constringency.3. The traditional Chinese medicine effect and its material base of Calamine were explained in a systematic way. With the better humidity absorption, better antibacterial activity and promoting the fibroblast and capillary tube to come into being and develop, the Calamine could promote wound healing. Literature researches showed that the antibacterial activity of Calamine was decided by the content of ZnO and had nothing with ZnCO3. The more content of ZnO, the more powerful antibacterial activity of Calamine. Through determining the antibacterial activity of several kinds of zinc compounds and analyzing zinc element content together with material structure, it was been comfirmed that the active ingredient of Calamine was zinc element which could restrain the growth of bacteria. The content of dissociated zinc element influenced its antibacterial activity of Calamine. |
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