A Comparison Research On The Personal Carbon Trading And Carbon Tax Based On The Controlling Private Cars In Chinese Megacities

From twenty-first Century,with the improvement of Chinese living standards,the number of private cars showing explosive growth,thus causing the congestion and excessive carbon emission which has become a thorny problem of Beijing,Shanghai and Shenzhen megacities development in China.The government has adopted some administrative means to control the private cars such as driving restrictions policies.However,not only caused widespread dissatisfaction among residents,but also did not fundamentally solve the problem of excessive emissions of pollutants and carbon dioxide as well as traffic congestion due to excessive motor vehicles on the road.Since 90 s of last century,some scholars began to study the market economy through the method of personal carbon trading(PCT)and carbon tax(CT),from the CO2 emission control to solve the excessive use of motor vehicle traffic congestion and pollutant emissions caused by.While,most of studies are qualitative and the practicality is unsatisfied,especially there are few studies on operable PCT system for controlling the private cars' carbon emission in large city;So far,there is no conclusion that what is the best policy in controlling carbon emission of private cars,PCT,CT or both? Which one is more efficient? Do they have their own scope of application? Especially,there is no comparative study on PCT and CT based on economics methods;what's more,what are the factors that affect the implementation of private cars emissions control under the PCT system? What are the key factors? However,all of them are unsolved problems.Therefore,it is of great significance for us to explore the scheme of controlling the private cars' carbon emissions in large cities,to implement effective carbon emission reduction measurement which is helpful to reduce carbon emission in the field of consumption and contribute to the low-carbon society.For the purpose of this paper,the detailed progress and conclusions are as follows:(1)Referring to the research achievement at home and abroad,we have explored the influence factors of controlling private cars' carbon emission under personal carbon trading system and conducted a survey among a representative sample drawn from Beijing registers.We have reviewed the literature at home and abroad,summarized the factors that affect the acceptance of personal carbon trading scheme,designed the relevant implementation plan which will controlling the use of private cars in Beijing under personal carbon trading system,and then conducted an investigation on the acceptability and influencing factors among Beijing registers.The results show that the most of responders stated that they would prefer a personal carbon trading scheme to carbon tax about how to control the use of private cars in Beijing.To be able to determine the representativeness of the responses,a comparison on key factors,the consumptive habits turned to be the most important in the six influence factors which affect the acceptance of personal carbon trading;Responders tend to initial equal per household allocation.(2)Summarizing the achievements of personal carbon trading at home and abroad,and we have formulated the implementation scenario of PCT in the control of private cars' carbon emission in large cities.We built the theory framework of Carbon household registration basing on the concept of Personal Carbon Trading(PCT)to arrange series study about carbon emission reduction in consumption sector.It explained the main ideas that under the framework: the concept,the management regime and system,the fundamental rules of management regime's implementing and operating.Combined with the influence factors,the implementation scenario are as follows: The citizens have equal per capita allocation for driving per year within can freely use of private car,and high users will need to purchase additional carbon credit,or stopped driving it.While the surplus credits could be sold for profit;the carbon allowance price depends on the carbon trading market;The purchased amount should be under the cap per capita;Meanwhile,we should take into account the characteristics of different industries and regions,to ensure the allocation of carbon is simple under the implication of personal carbon trading,and ultimately reduce the transaction cost.The work of allocation carbon allowance and the carbon trading platform could entrust to the bank which can take advantage of the cellular system and the equipment,such as the Automatic Teller Machine(ATM)which can be developed to shoulder the work.The next important thing is building the implication mechanism which would to control the private cars' carbon emission under PCT,meanwhile conducted the detailed of implication principle including the measure,allocation carbon allowance,transaction,pricing and the support of technology.(3)Based on the theory of Cobb-Douglas utility function and the principle of maximizing the utility of consumers,this paper has built a static comparative economic model between PCT and CT which controlling the private cars under Cobb-Douglas utility function in large cities.Based on the survey data,we have built a static model in the theory of utility function,analyzed the different effectiveness of carbon emission reduction between PCT and CT,and then defined the scope of application both of them.It was found and proved that the existence of rigid demand for private cars,for the first time from the consumer point of view to define the scope of PCT and CT.Conclusions are as follows: the reasonable PCT and CT will reduce the vehicle kilometer traveled and increase the total utility of the society;in the initial stage of the commitment and cap,the PCT is much more acceptable than CT and reach the carbon emission reduction target.;however,only if set high CT rate could meet the target and the vehicle kilometer traveled was set by PCT less than rigid demand,the PCT will fail;Conversely,CT is more effective than PCT.(4)Based on the theory of dynamic optimization,we have built the intertemporal utility economic model relate PCT and CT which could control the private cars' carbon emission reduction in large cities.Based on the principle of maximizing the intertemporal utility of consumers,this paper has constructed the intertemporal utility economic model relate PCT and CT which could control the private cars' carbon emission reduction in large cities,proved that the implication of PCT is on the microeconomics rational,analyzed the different commitment effectiveness between static and dynamic model,inspected and corrected the commitment effectiveness and the scope of application.It is proved that the rigid demand of private cars still exists in the perspective of consumers' intertemporal utility maximization,and the applicability of the two is consistent with the static model.The results show that the dynamic and static model is consistent with the conclusion.Whether the consumers treat the immediate utility maximization or the intertemporal utility maximization as the goal,both of them can reach the carbon reduction target.The carbon allowance and carbon price are negatively correlated.When the task of carbon emission reduction is hard or the carbon price is very low,the PCT will fail.The finding is different from other studiers on abroad which PCT is more effective in the scenario that is the task is very light than CT and the CT will much more effect in the scenario of the task is hard.(5)Based on the theory and methodology of experimental economics,exploring the key factors of influencing the controlling the private cars' carbon emission reduction under PCT,and do the competitive between PCT and CT,to finding which one has the effectiveness abatement.As we have outlined above,studied the relationship between seven indicator variable and trading volume,including the customer income,unit mail price,other commodity price,carbon allowance,carbon price,the exciting vehicle kilometer traveled and the distance between dwelling and work place,explored the key factors.We find that: the key factors which influencing the controlling the private cars' carbon emission under PCT in large cities are carbon allowance,the exciting VAT and other commodity price.The carbon allowance is in the center position among the factors and the exciting vehicle kilometer traveled represent the consumption custom,and the other commodity price present the chance cost.By comparative the effectiveness abatement between PCT and CT under the experimental economics,the result is consistent with the empirical model.The results are that when the emission reduction target is easy,the effectiveness,efficiency,equity of PCT are prior to CT.in contrast,the CT is more effectiveness than PCT.