The Information Procession And Neural Mechanism Of Diving Motor Imagery And Temporal And Spatial Perception

The feature of diving is showing complex movement in the space-time integration.From walking board to jumping direction, from rotation to water entry, it is necessarythat perceiving own rotation clearly, holding the time accurately and fixing theposition exactly for athletes. Therefore, motor imagery capacity and temporal andspatial perception ability are special mental ability for divers.Based on the theories of experts’ cognitive advantages, motor imagery construction,twiformed temporal processing mechanism and so on, a falling ball and diving videoused as stimulation and eye movement analysis technics combined with ERP,adopting the “expert-novice” paradigm, this research explored the informationprocession and neural mechanism of diving motor imagery and temporal and spatialperception and tried to find impact factors of motor imagery and temporal and spatialperception, and then discovered the experts’ cognitive advantages in order to makingthe theories of motor imagery and temporal and spatial perception richer andproviding theoretical basis and methods for divers’ selection and monitoring oftraining and game, and then offered the operable methods and measurable indexes forthe training and assessment of motor imagery and temporal and spatial perception.Main results:(1) Experts’ imagery time was significantly shorter than novices’, and their imageryeffect was significantly better than novices’. In temporal and spatial perception, therewas no significant difference between experts and novices for a falling ball, but fordiving, experts were significantly better than novices.(2) During motor imagery, experts’ fixation times were significantly fewer thannovices’, and their fixation duration were significantly longer than novices’, and theirsaccade distances were significantly larger than novices’, and their pupil sizes weresignificantly smaller than novices’. For experts, there was no significant differenceamong fixation times, saccade distances and pupil sizes, and there was significantlinear relation between the fixation duration of perception and imagery. During divingtemporal perception, experts’ fixation times were significantly fewer than novices’,and their fixation duration were significantly shorter than novices’, and their saccadedistances were significantly larger than novices’, and their pupil sizes weresignificantly smaller than novices’. For experts, there was no significant differencebetween the fixation duration and pupil sizes of0.5s interval and1.5s interval.(3) During motor imagery, on Fz, peak amplitude and latency of P1and P3ofexperts were significantly larger than novices’, and peak amplitude of P2of expertswere significantly smaller than novices’, and latency of of experts were significantlylarger than novices’. On Cz, peak amplitude and latency of P1, P2and P3of expertswere significantly larger than novices’. On Pz, peak amplitude of P1, P2and P3ofexperts were significantly smaller than novices’, while latency of P1, P2and P3ofexperts were significantly larger than novices’. On Oz, there was no significantdifference between peak amplitude and latency of P1of experts and novices, andthere was no significant difference between latency of P2of experts and novices,while peak amplitude of P2of experts were significantly smaller than novices’, and there was no significant difference between peak amplitude of P3of experts andnovices, while latency of P3of experts were significantly larger than novices’. Duringdiving temporal perception, on Fz, Cz and Pz, there was no significant differencebetween latency of CNV of experts and novices, while peak amplitude of CNV ofexperts were significantly smaller than novices’. On Oz, there was no significantdifference between peak amplitude of CNV of experts and novices, while latency ofCNV of experts were significantly larger than novices’.(4) Experts’ imagery times of closing eyes were most close to the movement time,and imagery times of free eye movement were significantly shorter than movementtime, and imagery times of restricted eye movement were significantly longer thanmovement time. The way of eye movement was no impact on the effect of imageryfor expert. Novices’ imagery times of free eye movement were most close to themovement time, and imagery times of closing eyes and restricted eye movement weresignificantly longer than movement time. The imagery effect of free eye movementwas best among the three ways, and closing eyes and restricted eye movementreduced the effect.(5) The more complex of the motion, the longer of the experts’ imagery time, whilemotion complexity was no impact on their imagery effect. The more complex of themotion, the longer of the novices’ imagery time and the worse of their imagery effect.The more complex of the motion, the longer of estimated time.(6) There was no significant difference of time estimation strategy between expertsand novices for a falling ball, but there were significant differences for diving: expertsmore adopted direct judge and count, while novices more adopted imagery.Main conclusion:(1) The influence factors of motor imagery were sports level, eye movement waysand motion complexity. The influence factors of temporal perception were sports level,time interval, motion complexity and estimation strategy. The influence factors ofspatial perception were sports level and position.(2) The advantage of experts’ temporal and spatial perceptive ability was relative tothe sport experted in, supporting the experience theory.(3) During motor imagery, experts’ attentive levels were higher than novices’, andtheir information processing efficiencies were higher than novices’, and theirinformation processing degree were deeper than novices’, and their attentive level andlong-term memory processing degree were higher than novices’, and their visualimagery were participated in fewer and kinesthetic imagery were participated in morethan novices’. Experts’ cognitive resources were fewer than novices’, and cognitiveresources were more devoted to attention and extracting and processing informationof long-term memory, while novices’ cognitive resources were more devoted to visualinformation processing. During temporal perception, experts’ information processingefficiencies were higher than novices’, and their information processing degree werelower than novices’, and their cognitive resources were fewer than novices’. Duringspacial perception, experts’ attentive level and long-term memory processing degreewere higher than novices’, cognitive resources were fewer than novices’, and cognitiveresources were more devoted to attention and extracting and processing information of long-term memory, while novices’ cognitive resources were more devoted to visualinformation processing.(4) During temporal perception of a falling ball, there may be differences ofinformation processing mechanism between within1s (automatic) and above1s(cognitive), supporting the twiformed temporal processing mechanism theory. Duringdiving temporal perception (above1s), there may be differences of informationprocessing mechanism between experts (automatic) and novices (cognitive).