The Influences Of Different Virtual Situations On Perception And Action Performance Of Tennis Players

In two decades, researches on perception and action had been directed andconceptualized by two distinct frameworks, often referren to as the informationprocessing and ecological perspectives. The difference of two theories is the level ofperception action coupling. Traditional perception anticipation studies based on theinformation-processing framework, these studies often investigated expert superiorityby using nonrepresentative response modes, such as verbal report and button responseis a low perception action coupling level; while ecological theory represented a highlevel perception action coupling, those studies investigated expert superiority usingreal motor action, and is the advantage of perception action study in virtual sportsituations.In this study, we designed two different researches by using virtual realitytechnology to investigate the perception anticipation performance of tennis athletes onthe bases of information-processing theory, ecology theory and emotion view. Inresearch one, we investigated the influence of time occlusion on anticipation andperception action coupling level on receiving performance of tennis athletes by threeexperiments. In research two, we simulated emotion variables and investigated theeffects of virtual situations on inducing emotions and their influences on the receivingperformance of tennis athletes by another three experiments.Results:(1)For all participants（grade one athletes, grade two athletes and amateurs）theanticipation accuracy increased significantly with time occlusion increased，whileresponse time decreased. However, at the time of100ms before ball and racquetcontact, the anticipate accuracy of all participates were in fifty percent around.(2) The accuracy of pressing botton was higher than motor action accuracy, andresponse time was longer than motor action time. The motor action accuracy of gradeone athletes was significant higher than amateurs, and the motor action accuracy ofamateurs was significantly lower than the accuracy of press button. Compared withamateurs, the receiving reaction time of grade one athletes was much shorter, and hadmore reaction time in the area of optical hit time.(3) Both verbal report and real motor action accuracy of grade one athletes ishigher than grade two and amateurs, the real motor action accuracy of grade oneathletes is higher than verbal report, while grade two athletes and amateurs opposite.(4) The response time of verbal report of grade one athletes is significantlyshorter than grade two athletes and amateurs. There also had significant difference ofmotor action accuracy among grade one athletes, grade two athletes and amateurs.The starting time of body movement, swing racquet, the total time of body movementand swing racquet of grade one athletes is significantly better than grade two athletesand amateurs, and grade two athletes is also better than amateurs.(5) In positive virtual environment, the sense of vigor and pleasant increased significantly, while tension, anger, fatigue and state anxiety decreased significantly,and skin conduction, high frequency HRV increased significantly; while in negativevirtual environment, the emotion and physiological change is opposite.(6) Compared with baseline receiving time, the receiving time have nosignificant change in positive emotion state, while in negative emotion state, itdelayed significantly, which showed reaction time increased, T1decreased significantly,and T0, T2, T3area increased.(7) The negative virtual serving situation can induce negative emotions, withstate anxiety level increased significantly, and happiness decreased.(8)Compared with neutral emotion virtual serving situation, the starting time ofbody movement and swing racquet increased significantly both of grade one athletesand amateurs in negative emotional virtual serving situation, and the total time ofswing racquet of amateurs also increased significantly.(9) The first and second performance of both grade one athletes and amateurs innegative emotional virtual serving situation had no significant change, although with alarger variation of amateurs.Conclusions:(1) Perception anticipation is based on information processing, anticipationefficiency increased significantly with the information athletes perceived. Grade oneathletes have higher anticipation accuracy and faster response time than grade twoathletes and amateurs.(2) Different kinds of perception action coupling impact receiving performance,high perception and action coupling level can mostly reflect expert superiority. Gradeone athletes have a better receiving performance in real action.(3) Grade one athletes can perceive the receiving time more accurately, theircontact point far in front, and have a high efficiency of receiving.(4) Tennis athletes also have good receiving performance in virtual sportsituation.(5) Virtual environments could induce emotions effectively, with positiveinduced positive emotions and negative induced negative emotions. Negative virtualenvironment had a deep influence on emotions and physiology arousal level. Weindicated that virtual environments modulated by victual reality technology could beused as an effective emotion inducing method.(6) Negative emotions may damage athletes’ time perception, and influence theperception of receiving time, which showed response time increased significantly,while positive emotions had no significant influence on the anticipation of receivingtime, due to the longer of continued effect of negative emotions and shorter ofpositive emotions.(7) The negative virtual serving situation can induce negative emotions, and hada negative influence on receiving performance of athletes in real action condition.(8)The performance of grade one athletes is better than amateurs in negative virtual serving situation, and still reflects expert superiority a certain extent.