| The thesis consisted two parts which were "The study of the principal writing of the secretarial officers" and "The research of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty". Part I "The study of the principal writing of the secretarial officers" emphasized in the main tasks of secretarial officers which was "principally writing". Part Ⅱ "The research of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty" were focused on the correcting of the terms of these eight writing styles. Even though the study of two parts were totally different, but they had the connection to each others, especially the results of the "The study of the principal writing of the secretarial officers" showed the "Writing" was the main task of the secretarial officer and it was the premise of the basic of study of "eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty". From the other hand, the correcting of the terms of these eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty was proved the main task of the secretarial officer was "Writing".Recently, the scholars were interested on the study of the culture of the Chinese ancient secretarial officers, as the culture of the Chinese ancient secretarial officers was profound and rich in content, most of them believed that the culture of this group was the hotbed of China academic. The culture and the main task of the secretarial officer had a close relationship, which was the officers created the culture of the Chinese ancient secretarial officers and the main task of the officers determined the nature and content of the culture of the Chinese ancient secretarial officers. There were lots of duties of the secretarial officer, but there was a one main duty which was "Written task", and no matter how the officer was in different department and title of the post. The study of the secretarial officers would give a comprehensive understanding of variety types and post titles of secretarial officers, their connection and differences, at the same time to have a clear image of the generation, development and evolvement of the culture of secretarial officers.The basic tasks of the secretarial officers were connected to writing scripts, the writing scripts was consisted "principally writing" and "principally texts writing", but what was their main duty:"principally writing" or "principally texts writing" or both duties? The unearth and discovery of the Han bamboo slips of Zhang Jia Shan,"History of the law" provided the most original, most authentic, the most direct evidence of my study, which had showed that the examination of secretarial officers in the beginning of Han Dynasty contained two parts,"15Chapters" and eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty, and this was the basic knowledge for a secretarial officer.In the Part I "The study of the principally writing of the secretarial officers"Firstly the study was the definition of secretarial officers, the connection of the two categories of the secretarial officers,"Five secretarial officers"("五史")and "Home secretarial officers" with the writing scripts. Their writing scripts could divide to two areas which were "principally writing" and "principally texts". From the above analyses, I have found out that the contents of the Han bamboo slips of Zhang Jia Shan,"History of the law" had proved that the written task was the main duty of the secretarial officers and the writing scripts of" Shi zhou pian" and the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty were the basic knowledge for a secretarial officer. The "History of the law" was the core content of this part.The eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty were large seal, small seal, engraving symbol on bamboo sticks writing scripts, banner writings script, lettering on ancient imperial seals’ writing style of the eight writing styles, board writing style, weapons or objects inscription style and Clerical script writing style. These terms appeared in the preface of "Analytical Dictionary of Characters language"(《说文解字·序》). But the author, Xu Shen, did not clearly mention or elaborate the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty, such as the term of the styles’referring and how did it come from, the usage of the style, he just mentioned that the order and term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty. Even though, there were numbers of discussions of the term of eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty, unfortunately there was end up with no conclusion. Currently, there were a lot of unearth and discovery of writing scripts of Dynasty Qin and Han, and a lot of studies in the early history of Chinese calligraphy, the evolution of the writing history, cultural history and educational history; these eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty become a research highlight. Among of them are doing macroscopic system research, some are comparing several writing scripts, and more researchers are doing one of the writing script research only.Throughout the past studies, I found out that most the studies focused on the term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty, while ignoring the "Eight writing styles" generation era, features and functioning, the most obvious mistake is the researchers do not combine the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty and the duties of the secretarial officer to do a detail study. According to the preface of "Analytical Dictionary of Characters language","Han shu yi wen zhi" and the Han bamboo slips of Zhang Jia Shan,"History of the law", which had showed that the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty was part of the study of secretarial officers in Qin Dynasty and in the beginning of Han Dynasty. In the future, this would be a part of the profession and the writing skills gained would be fully connecting to the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty. From the writing skills of the secretarial officers, we could go further study of the term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty.From the analyses of the duty of the "principally writing" of the secretarial officers, there were still a room to discuss the traditional research findings of the term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty.1.Seal scriptsMost of the term of seal script was from the small seal script of the "Tai Mountain’s Steles" of Qin Dynasty, actually this is not a correct way to get the term of the seal script, as before Han Dynasty there were not much of steles established and did not engraved it frequently. According to Jin Qizhen,"The Chinese cultural monument", during Emperor Shi Huang Di, he established a total of nine Merits stone blocks. During Western Han Dynasty, the Emperor built up10steles only. For this reason, the government of Dynasty Qin and the beginning of Dynasty Han might not request all the secretarial officers had to learn the writing script of the stele.2.Engraving symbol on bamboo writing scriptThe term of this script was taken from "Yangning tiger-shaped engraving symbol","Du tiger-shaped engraving symbol" etc engraving symbol. It is also incorrect to do so, as the quantity of the engraving symbol was so few (each Dynasty would have300pieces), it’s mainly using in special condition and the secretarial officers hardly could have chance to use it (those who able to use it was the king and the prime minister.), so that the making and engraved of the engraving symbol was so few. For the same reason again, the government of Dynasty Qin and the beginning of Dynasty Han might not request all the secretarial officers had to learn the engraving symbol on bamboo writing scripts.3.Lettering on ancient imperial seals’writing style of the eight writing stylesThe term of ancient imperial seals’writing style was mainly influent by Tang Lan’s theorem. As we know that the tracing of the seal carving are opposite side of the scripts, I believed that any Dynasty of the government would not treat this opposite side of the script as special scripts and request the secretarial officers to learn it. On the other hand, making imperial seals was the responsibility of the financial department of the Federal, the secretarial officers was hardly had a chance to participate, if there so there were very few people could have chance to participate, for example in Han Dynasty there were only6people could participate the making of imperial seals’. Therefore, the both Dynasties of the government might not request all the secretarial officers had to learn the writing script.4.The banner writings scriptMost of the scholars believed that the banner writing script is a decorated and curlicue script. Actually, the banner writings script was not as said so, as from the functioning of script itself was an engraving symbol; this was proved that it was not the decorated script.5.The board writing styleThe board writing style was mainly in house or the palace. But during the beginning of the Dynasty Han, there were no houses or palaces were built. Xiao He who created f the term of board writing style was incorrect, as there was not the reality in the beginning of the Han Dynasty.6.The weapons or objects inscription styleNowadays, the scholars believe that the "殳书" is the scripts which are engraving on weapons. But during the Qin Dynasty, there was an announcement of extermination of weapons, its’meant that there was no weapon allowed to possess for the people and the right of making weapons was back to the federal government. The government set up Shang Fang department to responsible to the making of the weapons, under the department there were2divisions which were Ruo Lu and Kao Gong were authorized to make the weapons. In the beginning of Han Dynasty, Kao gong ling shi which was under financial department of federal government was authorized to make the weapons. According to preface of "Analytical Dictionary of Characters language","Han shu yi wen zhi" and the Han bamboo slips of Zhang Jia Shan,"History of the law", the first place of the examination of the secretarial officers during Dynasty Qin and the beginning of Dynasty Han would be appointed a job in the federal government, other than that would be sent to the state be an Announcement written officer or assistant of secretarial officer. Those who sent to state as a secretarial officers would not have chance to participate the making of the weapons, so that the saying that the "殳书" is the scripts which are engraving on weapons is incorrect, as most of the secretarial officers did not need to learn the skill which they would not have chance to use it in the future.In the Part Ⅱ "The research of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty".Firstly, the study of the emergence, function and features of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty and the result of the study is the contents of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty and the principally writing of the secretarial officers are connected to each other. The eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty were officially written styles of the principally writing of the secretarial officers in the government routine work. In this part, the study will be more details in the term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty.Seal script (large seal and small seal) and Clerical script were used in government’s document. The term of Seal script was originally from the character "掾", and this character meant that it was the officer who worked in the secretarial department of Qin Dynasty. Most of the document would send directly to the Emperor and the federal government to read, so that the document needed to be written in the standard writing script. Since that it was written by "掾", the people named this writing script "篆书"(seal script. The term of Clerical script was originally come from the character "'隶”’(the slave), since that this type of script mainly used it by the slaves, so that the people named this script as "隶书”(Clerical script)。 The engraving symbol on bamboo sticks writing scripts was refer to the characters engraving on the bamboo sticks, it should not refer to the tally issued to generals as imperial authorization for troop movement in ancient China. The term of the banner writings script, if we study carefully from the functioning of script itself, it was an engraving symbol; this was proved that it was not the decorated script. Further more, the character of "虫" referred to "蝮虫”(venomous snake), the shape of the character written was buckling winds and the shape looked like this type of snake, so that people gave name of this script was "虫书”(snake-shaped script). The term of the lettering on ancient imperial seals’is referring to the writing of the governments’seal and lute. Since that people were tracing the script on the paper, so that people named this writing script is "摹印”The board writing style is referring to the script which written on the seal slips, board of the government’s building and announcement. Normally, this type of writing style would be similar to the official written style, but the characters would be slight bigger than the official written. The weapons or objects inscription style is should not refer to the writing on the weapons,刚卯and'邑权. The term of the writing script was mainly from the shaped of the script itself.From the point of view of the duties of the secretarial officers were principally writing, therefore, we could find out the contradictory between the "One style writing script" policy of Qin Dynasty when it united the whole China and the traditional history book mentioned there were eight writing styles in Qin Dynasty. Since the analyses and the detail study of the term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty and main duty of the secretarial officers, the mistake had been done of the traditional history book will be clear.Further more, the writing script materials of Qin Dynasty and the term of the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty also showed the conflict to each other. We should understand that the eight writing styles of Qin Dynasty and the duty of secretarial officers were connected to each other, the writing style mainly was according to the condition, in the different condition there was a different type of writing script. We also should not assume that there were only eight writing styles in Qin Dynasty, maybe more than expected. |
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