A Comparative Study Of Daoxing Bore Jing And Its Other Translated Versions In Chinese Grammar

Daoxing Bore jing is also called Bore Daoxing jing,Maha Prajnaparamita Daoxing jing or Maha Prajnaparamita jing. It was translated in the end of the eastern Han Dynasty(A.D.197).Its translator, Lokaksema,is called "Zhichen" for short. Lokaksema and AnShigao drumed up the business of Chinese-Korean Buddhist Scripture Translation. Lokaksema belonged to the Rouzhi nationality, he came to China in the end of the Eastern Dynasty. The Daoxing Bore jing was the most important buddhist scripture. Because his native language is not Chinese,so his interpretation isn’t coherent and intelligible. Daoxing Bore jing has simple style of writing and much transliteration.It had a great influence on his time.The famous uddhist monks retranslated other edition on the after ages. These Chinese translations was from the Eastern Han to the Northern Sung Dynasty which had more than800years.There were nine editions on record and only six of them are handed down:Da mingdu jing(4volumes;translate by Zhi Qian in Wu capital;about A.D.222-257)、MobeBore Chao jing(5volumes; translate by Zhu Fonian and Tan Mobi;about A.D.382)、Xiaopin Boreboluomi (7volumes; translate by Jiumoluoshi;about A.D.408)、the fourth and fifth assembalge of the Da Boreboluomi jing (25volumes; translate by Xuanzang in the Tang Dynasty)、Fomucbusbeng Sanfazang Boreboluomiduo jing (25volumes;translate by Shihu in Northern Sung;about A.D.1003-4).These translators represent the highest level of Buddhist scripture translation in China at that time. The comparative analysis of the Chinese versions of Buddhist scriptures and exploration of the diachronic evolution of their vocabulary and grammar usage, from the perspective of the history of the Chinese language, contribute to studying the stamp of the age and chronic evolution of the middle ancient Chinese used in Buddhist scriptures.Through a thorough comparative study of Daoxing Bore Sutra and its different translation versions, this thesis has six chapters, surveying the development and evolution of the copular "be", personal pronouns,, word order, comparative sentencessentence patterns, languageStructures and offering a contrastive analysis of the vocabulary and an emendation of this version. It draws conclusions as follows.1.(1) In colloquialism, judgment mood particle and "zhe" after subject fade away in the end of Eastern Han Dynasty at latest.(2) The subject and object in judgment sentences with a copular "be" become more and more complicated.(3) Copular "be" originates from pronoun.(4)"NP2(object)+NP1(subject)+be" is gradually transformed into "NP1(subject)+be+NP2(object)", as most scholars have agreed.2. In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty,"wo" takes place of "wu" The honorifics of second person such as "qin","ren""renzhe", and "xianzhe" began to decrease their connotation of respect for justice. The first and second persons in plural use increase and their grammatical functions gradually improve.3.(1) In the period of Three Kingdoms, the position of interrogative pronouns used as object develop from preposition to postposition of verb, and this process is finished during Wei, Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties.(2) The thorough postposition of the pronouns in negative sentence can be again brought forward to the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty.(3) The sentence pattern of prepositional interrogative pronouns used as object undergoes an unbalanced development.(4)In negative sentences, all pronouns used after the verb in spoken language can also be brought forward to the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty.(5)Early Buddhist scripture translation has some special word orders like "predicate+subject", front loading of object in preposition-object phrase, patient object before verb,"jianyu" before subject, inserted address forms in a sentence, while later translation adopted natural order.4.(1) In mediaeval times, some words of comparison are replaced.(2)The changes of sentence patterns occur. For instance, ubi" sentence develops from "pingbi" to "chabi"5. In the medieval Chinese, sentence patterns are more complicated, including additional ingredients, associated words, and the expansion of simple sentence into complex sentence.