"Nature" And "necessary" Coherence

In chapeter one, to break authority of Neo-Confucianism and build new thought system reflecting spirit of approving lust of rationality and advocating knowledge included in Pragmatism, Dai-zhen criticized Neo-Confucianism when academic cicle was common devoted to the textual research, almost had no thought contribution, and affectey by Neo-Confucianism’s value with the majority. He hoped to enlightenment barbarism and stimulated social progress by conforming to and boost academic development trend of textual research in place of Neo-Confucianism.Aroused by government bad behavior of using Neo-Confucianism to enhance order, political imprisonment and social repression, He hoped to break political imprisonment and social repression.In chapter two, discuss about nature and certainty was common in Dai-zhen thought. He proposed certainty comes from and complies with nature, nature belongs to and respect certainty, unify nature and certainty, which was the basis of his thought. He discussed nature and "certainty" to solve problem about relation between individul freedom, life vigor and order, the subjective and objective law.He thought physiology and psychology failed to solve it, because the former exaggerated "certainty" and ignored"nature", the latter emphsis"nature" but ignored knowledge.In chapeter three, Dai-zhen reputed cosmics considering principle as origin and essence, built cosmics adovacating Qi, and proclaimed the unifying characteristic of comisc, from which he hoped to provide comisc basis for his theoretical cornerstone. As to humanity theory, he raised natural humanity theory considering the blood and mind as the humanity, which can provide humanity theory for defuting ethics attaching importance to satisfaction of emotion and desire, and raised his new thought.Furthermore, Dai-zhen defined his humanity theory good because of his explaination about humanity theory from viewpoint of empiricism nor apriorism, he deviated Mencius humanity theory and was effected by Xun-zi.In chapeter four, Dai-zhen’ value and epistemology were discussed. On basis of humanity theory, he raised idea of ethics attaching importance to satisfaction of emotion and desire, which reflected his deep concern to nature life, yearn for individual freedom, persuit to life vigor, his attention to moral life and order.Differrent from Neo-Confucianism emphasis on conforming to order, Dai-zhen highlighted autonomy spirit, advocated emotion and desire to have reasonable and common satisfaction. He hoped to unify social order and individual emotion and desire. It’s "nature"and "certainty" theory that wss implemented in value field,which expressed his double concern about natural life and moral life.In epistemology, he raised "emphasis knowledge" containing Confucianism and his logic deduction of humanity theory. He regarded knowledge as foundamental means to assist and guide emotion and desire, and important rule to decide moral rationality, In his opinion, emotion and desire was basis of moral and knowledge, knowledge was key between emotion and desire and moral. Emotion and desire satisfaction, moral complishment needed knowledge guarantee; moral was the result of emotion and desire satisfaction with the help of knowledge.He advocated "emphasis study", and raised pursit of "to sage",which reflected his wish to unify knowledge and moral, and realize sage with wisdom. He knew the tradiction between knowledge and moral, and had full condifence to ues wisdom to solve it. It’s also "nature"and "certainty" theory that was reflected in epistemology field.The last chapeter was about Dai-zhen thought’s historical reflceton, value, defects and its practical implications.His criticism of Neo-Confucianism didn’t gain widespread understanding. There were two defects in his thought, which had great meanning to acacdemic theory innovation, construction of culture and harmonious society.