The Study Of Rural Labors’ Migration In The Process Of Urbanization

Urbanization is necessary and inevitable in economical and social development for all countries in the world, and it is also an important symbol of national or regional modernization. Judging from the economical development history of western developed countries, the process of industrialization, urbanization and de-agriculturalization go side by side with each other. That is to say, with industrial development in these countries, the cities have been enlarging and rural labors have been employed unagriculturally and have been settled in cities, and they fulfill urban life integration. In this process, rural labor migration is completed with urbanization. China’s rural labor migration falls into two stages in the process:the first stage is that rural labors move out of the countryside and get employed in cities to obtain professional transformation and the second stage is that those new employments are mingling with the citizens to obtain settlement. Due to this feature, rural labor undergoes continuous transfer from countryside to cities on one hand and on the other hand they can not get normal citizenships, and therefore they form a special community:rural labor workers.By using historical analysis and comparative analysis approaches, this dissertation summarizes and analyzes the development process of China’s urbanization and rural labor migration in different stages and historical background, and comes to the notion that the appearance of rural labor is due to the special feature of China’s rural surplus labor force transfer, especially the fact that identity transfer is greatly left behind professional transfer. According the results of survey and questionnaire, this dissertation analyzes the basic situation of rural labor in employment, land possession, social security, education, public services and entertainment, and this dissertation also does a regression analysis on the influential factors of rural labor workers’citizenship willingness in order to grasp the features of urbanization. At present, China’s urbanization is in a low degree, and land urbanization surpasses population urbanization. This is the result of government’s policy and responsibility delay as well as urbanization development deficiency and rural labor’s quality limitation, among which urban-rural binary is the most obvious factor. Urban-rural segmentation and urban-oriented binary system not only violate economical laws and enlarge the differences in rural worker labors and city-countryside, but also intensify the binary economical and social system, hinder the process of urbanization and might finally result in the failure of industrialization. Thus land procession system, household registration system, social security, housing system brought by the binary system become the major "obstacle collection" for the transfer of rural worker labors. On the basis of examining some foreign countries’experiences in rural urbanization, this dissertation gives the following suggestions taking some regional practices in China: (1) The fundamental principles of urbanization should be clarified. First, government’s guiding responsibilities should be ensured to embody its general leading role. Government’s plan function and administrative function make it possible that social sources can be reallocated in general to give the weak group material and spiritual protection. Second, the process should be done in orderly principle. Due to the fact that within rural worker labors, age, identity and social status differ greatly and they have different needs, and the transfer should be achieved gradually and orderly. Thirdly, the principle of efficiency and properness should be promised. It must be taken into consideration that urban economical development and population capacity has a deep relationship with migration number which should be controlled.(2) The process has a deadline and specified goal. The time goal’s destination is the complete solution of rural labor workers with the completion of industrialization, urbanization and modernization. In a specific sense, professional, regional, identity and behavior transfer should be realized. Governments should take over the responsibility and the central government should guide the local governments, enterprises and organizations to accelerate policy leading, and the enterprises should raise rural worker’s pay and reinforce skill training as well as improve their working environment, and they should also help to elevate their sense of legal protection and consciousness of right-safeguarding.(3) The development model of rural labor workers’ urbanization should be chosen according to regional difference. A unified model will be impossible since China is so large and geographically diverse, and the proper model should be utilized in accordance with these differences. In the future, city groups and their affiliated counties should be planned clearly, hence the functions and locations. Middle and minor sized cities industrial functions should be reinforced, and the towns’ public facilities and inhabiting capacities should be improved to reduce the big cities’ pressure. Middle and minor seized cities should promote the scale of absorbing transfer labors and the level of public products and facilities so as to provide favorable environment for rural labor workers.(4) A complete system should be set up to accelerate the process of urbanization effectively. Therefore, the following aspects can be perfected and innovated:first, in the aspect of rural-departing, China’s present lands circling and requisition of planting lands system should be improved and relevant laws and regulations should be founded to ensure farmers’ rights to possess, utilize and benefit from lands, and the lands property right should be clarified to protect farmers’ right and to enable farmers to get profits from their own capital. Secondly, in the aspect of urban-entering, the transfer of rural labor should be fulfilled in residence, employment, education and housing system. Thirdly, in the aspect of urban-mingling, social security issue should be considered that pension security and medical insurance must be carried on to protect rural labor’s rights that they deserve.(5) Rural labor should deliberately improve their qualities, human resources and social relations. Through reforms in salary and training system, rural labor’s human resource ability can be elevated. Besides, it is vital to expand private-relation social capital in order to cultivate organized social capital, and the establishment of Worker’s Union, Community adoption and non-government education can help to speed up urbanization of rural labor’s citizenship, social identity, personal quality and behavior, which can be defined as real rural labor urbanization.