The Political Economics Of The Making Of American Energy Policy After The Oil Crisis

Political economics to explain the economic policies emphasize the political roleon the policy making process. An economic policy is affected by political government,party, the congress, voters in the markets and the interest groups and so on, especiallyin the field of energy. The subject of U.S. energy policy making is the governmentand congress, and interests participate policy making through congress or directlylobbying the government. This article about the making process of U.S. energy policyafter the oil crisis is divided into five parts from the perspective of politicaleconomics.The first part is the introduction. This part introduces the background and thesignificance of this research, tidies up the related literature about the general theoryeconomic policy and energy policy, expounds the research method and structure ofthis article, and points out the innovation and deficiencies of this study.The second part is the making process of the United States energy policy. Energypolicy refers to the energy law by the congress, other legislation on energy content,the administrative law by America’s energy regulatory departments authorized by thecongress, and the United States court practice based on the administrativelitigation.This chapter firstly analyzes the institutional framework of the U.S. energypolicy. The U.S. energy policy is primarily determined by congress in the form oflegislation, and energy legislation carries out the guarantee for energy policy. Thespecific energy policy has a series of laws and provisions to echo. The administrativedepartment is also the leading role of the United States energy policy, and from thiswe learn the system design of the United States energy policy, and finally analyzesthe Political decision power of America’s energy policy making process and itspolitical economics tendency of energy policy, from the perspective of politicaleconomy we know the making process of us energy policy.President, congress, administrative institutions is decision-making power in the process of the UnitedStates energy policy, and Interests participate in policy formulation and affectAmerican energy policy through means such as congress or directly lobbying thegovernment. Interest group related energy policy is divided into three categories:traditional industry interests, emerging industry interests and public interests.The third part is the evolution of the U.S. energy policy. This part analyzes theenergy policy development after the oil crisis from the Angle of history, and analyzesthe various stages of the energy policy making process after the oil crisis in theUnited States from the perspective of political economy.In the1970s，America’senergy policy is given priority to cope with the energy crisis. From Nixon, ford tocarter, three American presidents have implemented a large-scale energy changes,pursuit of "energy independence", and have a characteristic of thegovernment-leading and centralized. The oil crisis let policy makers recognize thethreat, if not to take policy reforms will lead to even more threatening political andeconomic situation. The policy not only depends on the specific historicalenvironment, but also complex party struggles and the power of interest groups, as aresult, the different positions of the energy policy of the President and congress andrelated interest groups lead to energy policy in this period did not have achievements.The powerful opposition of congress makes legislation effect limited. Then it isexperienced the energy policy of laissez-faire. President Ronald Reagan and BillClinton advocated market forces to resource allocation, but have no progress in thisstage. Stable energy supply, the opposite policy decision-making process and partisandivisions make the us energy policy change fail. Since the new century, the concept ofcoordinated development of3e about economic development, energy security andenvironmental protection is the consensus of the countries around the world, and thebush administration’s energy policy reflected the United States have changing to3econcept of coordinated development of energy.<The Us Energy Policy Report>,<The Energy Policy Act of2005>and <The Energy Independence and Security Act of2007> is the concentrated reflection of the bush administration’s energy policy. Thedevelopment of traditional energy dealing with energy crisis and environmentalprotection is the main contradiction of this period, and the process of a series of energy policy is full of interests group game and struggle.The fourth part is the development trend of America’s energy policy. Globalclimate problems increasing, the Obama administration according to the change ofinternational situation and their own interests adjust national energy policy, and putenergy reform on its various policy priority. The government put forward bydeveloping new energy and renewable energy to achieve the new target aboutreducing greenhouse gas emissions, keeping energy security and stimulatingeconomic growth. This chapter firstly considers the steering of the U.S. energy policyand the reason under climate change, and the factors of international and domesticinterests influence the U.S. energy policy shift, secondly, this chapter analyses thenew progress of Obama’s energy policy and various interest groups game process inthe process of energy policy making. Different interest groups in the process ofAmerican domestic politics still deeply influenced the creation of America’s energypolicy. Obama’s energy policy in a certain extent is still the game results of variousinterest groups such as republicans and Democrats, congress, interest groups, oil,environmental protection organization. In the final, this chapter have a Lookingforward to Obama’s energy policy.The fifth part is the American energy policy in China from the perspective ofpolitical economics. American energy policy in China shift from cooperation tocooperation and confrontation coexisting, pursuiting of national interests absolutely.American energy policy in China can be divided into two phases, the first stage is thatbefore the1990s China’s economy is still in its infancy, and the energy consumptionproblems do not highlight, so the phase of American energy policy in China iscooperation. The second stage is that although American energy policy in Chinashows a tendency of friendship after90s, but along with China’s energy consumptionand demand growth which pose a threat to U.S. energy interests, and the diversity ofAmerican interest groups and partisan growing domestic, U.S. energy policy towardChina is cooperation and confrontation coexisting. This chapter embarks from thecharacteristics of American energy policy in China, analyzes the political factorsbehind the phenomenon in the political economy analysis framework, and promoteChinese know more about America’s China energy policy and then take strategy to prevent in advance. China should clear the both cooperation and confrontation energypolicy of United States in China, strengthen bilateral cooperation to enhance mutualtrust between the two countries, positively develop domestic new energy, set energypolicy comforting to the situation of China, and strengthen the communication withU.S. politicians and interest groups.