| Yuan Dynasty was an important period of social and cultural development in Huizhou(徽 州) although it is short. Regional characteristics have been basically revealed, mainly reflected in two aspects. Firstly, booming of Xin’an Neo-Confucianism(新安理学), many famous scholars and fruitful academic production emerged, which take an important place in the Chinese academic history, especially the history of Neo-Confucianism(程朱理学). Secondly, numerous large Clans, known as the first in the world. These achievements definitely have indirect historical reasons and times background, but couldn’t be done without edification power infiltrated into Huizhou Society through schools, families and other forms jointly led by Confucian, Shishen (士绅) and Confucian Officials.As the fundament of edification, Enlightenment school ('学) of Huizhou developed rapidly in Yuan Dynasty, which formed a diversified pattern dominated by private schools, in Confucian scholars in private schools became more collective and professional and they wrote large numbers of high-level academic works and textbooks for Enlightenment school. Thus Neo-Confucianism became the core and leading thought of Enlightenment school, which played a key role in the socialization and privatization.As the center of edification, Huizhou local government school and educational officers have been established more systematic and complete in Yuan Dynasty. The rise and fall of local government school directly related to the implementation of official edification. Therefore, the schools’building became important edification event for the history of Huizhou, also in a prominent position of scholars recording articles and local chronicles. They were the large number of educational officers in Huizhou, lecture and dissemination, holding sacrifice and Shidian(释奠) ceremony, construction of buildings, and so on, which were their main educational responsibility.As the backbone of grass-roots social, the Huizhou’s Clan has achieved a rapid and significant development in Yuan Dynasty, and the characteristics had been completely presented in late Yuan. The Clan attached great importance to the internal edification factors in four aspects:family education and family studies, compilation of genealogy, establishment of the ancestral hall, holding Zhanxing(“展省”) ceremony, which were endowed with ethics value and significance of enlightenment by the Neo-Confucianism, and always waked Clansman’s concept on respecting the ancestors and filial piety, holding together and harmony with others, understanding Zhaomu(昭穆),distinguishing seniors and juniors, embodying admonish, demonstrating morality etc.Transforming customs was the ultimate aim of social edification. As an important custom, Huizhou’s funeral had been less effected by<Jili>(《家礼》) in Yuan Dynasty. On the contrary, greatly by the Buddha, Tao and Yinyang(阴阳) theory, especially the latter, for instance indulged in weal and woe, augury on time and place, passed away for a long time but unburied, extravagance and waste and so on., which was one of the negative custom of Huizhou society. This custom was banned by individual Confucian officials, broken by a lot of Confucians, Shishen(士绅) and Clans, critiqued by famous Confucian like Chen-Li(陈栎),Zhao-Pang(赵 汸), however, no satisfied results have been achieved. It was obvious that Confucian’s edification invalidly on changing existing habits and customs.Confucian scholars and Shishen(士绅) were the most important part in the implementation of edification in Huizhou Society. There were mainly four ways of academic inheritance:’Internal’(内传),’External’(外传), ’Rural teacher’(乡师传承) and ’Academy’(书 院传承), which was the main reason of Xin’an academic flourishing. "Internal" is modeled after the Hui nationality scholar Zhu Xi and future generations as family and descendants of apprentices, the inheritance in the early Yuan have gradually declined. "External" includes from the outside and to the outside. The former refers to local intellectuals under the tutelage of renowned foreign scholars, especially Zhu’s successors, the latter refers to Huizhou membership scholar in the field of academic teaching, even in the early Yuan Dynasty to have a medium-term greater influence. "Rural Teacher" refers to the hidden countryside apprentices teaching teachers to its heritage throughout the entire end of Song and Yuan Dynasty. Academy is based on large-scale cultivation of academic disciple succession, at the end of Yuan the financial internal and external spread in a famous division of Confucianism are carried forward.Official was closely related to the scholars’moral in Yuan Dynasty of Huizhou, and not be an official was considered the best customs in Huizhou.Government official was the executor of edification ideas and thoughts. As the model of official edification in Yuan Dynasty, edification in ’Ninexian’(九贤) was mainly reflected in three aspects:order, culture and customs. In the mid of Yuan,<Xin’an Houxu zhi> (《新安后续 志》) commanded and compiled by Governor Zhu Ji(朱霁), which was a specific case of cultural edification which emphasizes edification of customs and schools. The purpose of ’Quannong wen’(劝农文) not only for encouraging farming and developing agricultural, but also for advocating the feudal ethics, preaching moral and making custom much decorous.In General, Confucian (including the Confucian school official), Shishen(士绅), Confucian Officials and Clan who were the main part of edification with the help of medium and form, such as school (Enlightenment school, Temple School and Academy), disciple smriti(弟子承传), moral demonstration, encouraging farming and custom, clan’s organization and activity, practiced the ideals and ideas of Confucian edification reformed by Neo-Confucianism, finished the historical mission on Neo-Confucianism succession, Culture-production, Moral-practice, Clan-construction, Society-reconstruction, and laid a solid foundation for sustainable development of Huizhou society in Ming and Qing Dynasties as well as the final setting of Huizhou Studies(徽学). |
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