Study On Wushu Culture In Fujian And Taiwan

In this research, “Fujian and Taiwan” geographically refers to three mountains(the Wuyi Mountains adjacent to Jiangxi, the Boping Mountains connecting Guangdong, and the Tailao Mountains next to Zhejiang), oceans in the southeast of China and Taiwan Island, with the current administrative areas throughout Fujian and Taiwan provinces. However, its cultural regions are relatively wider and obscurer than geographic and administrative divisions. Hence, this research focuses mainly on regions of current Fujian and Taiwan provinces, as well as part of its neighborhood regions and oversea countries which its cultures transmitting and spreading to.The subjects of this paper are noumenal Wushu culture in Fujian and Taiwan and its related culture in referred regions, which conclude both spiritual and material fruits. This research, from the perspective of regional history and culture, adopting theories such as cultural studies, geography, history, sociology, anthropology and other discipline theories, through literature review, field research, expert interviews, logical analysis and other research methods, explores noumenal culture and related culture of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu. Through discussing the regional culture effects caused by natural and human environment, characteristics and technical style of Wushu, this research explores origin, stages of development, contents and backgrounds of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu, thus to reveal the law of its occurrence, development and dissemination and to refine as well as to summarize its cultural essences.The content of this research includes four parts: regions definition and humanity field introduction of the origin of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu, Fujian and Taiwan noumenal Wushu culture, related Wushu culture and theories construction of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu. Among them, regions definition and humanity field introduction is the premise and basis for the research on Wushu culture in specific regions, noumenal and related Wushu are binary components of the research, and theories construction is to summarize and refine the research, which resonates with its natural and humanity field. The content of this dissertation is composed of seventeen chapters, which is made up of the main part as well as the first introduction and the final conclusion chapters. As far as possible, the author tried to present a whole picture of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu from different angle of view in the main part – these organic and indispensable fifteen chapters.The introduction part(the first chapter). The author introduced contents such as the background and origin of this research, the theoretical support and methodology as well as foundation of this research, the outlines as well as regions and times definition, and the related research reviews.Regions definition and humanity field introduction of the origin, development and existence of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu(the second chapter). This part is the premise and basis of field for the research. The author gave definition and outline of referred territory and history of Fujian and Taiwan, its geographical history and characteristics of local people, as well as the same and differences within these two regions.The part of noumenal culture of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu(from the third to the fifth chapter). This part is composed of two sections. In the first section, Fujian Wushu was introduced and discussed. The author summed sorts of Quan in Fujian area and analyzed the characters of region distribution as well as school features. Specially, technique characteristics of Fujian Nanquan were classified and refined. The discrepancy of posture and routine between Nanquan and Northern Quan was explained from cultural, geographical and practical differences. Also, Fujian Wushu equipments in production and life were revealed. Before the second section, the usage of keywords such as “Guo Shu” and “Taiwan Wushu” was defined.In the second section, Taiwan Wushu was introduced and discussed. Firstly, the author summed sorts of Quan in Taiwan and showed them in a table. Secondly, based on disclosure of their features, opportunities, basis and strategies in development of official Wushu – Northern Wushu was introduced. Meanwhile, the main contents, units and forms in heritage as well as diversified choices in its revival and perplexity of Southern Wushu were represented. Thirdly, organizational work and its character were analyzed. Also, the differences of Wushu management characteristics between mainland and Taiwan were compared. Finally, from aspects such as origins, heritages, technique characteristics, experiences and routines of Quan, internal and oversea communications as well as management, four sorts of Quan including Yongchun white crane-style boxing(Yongchunquan), Five Ancestor Boxing, Taijiquan and Cantonese Hongquan from Master LUO Qianzhang were revealed of their regional culture information.The part of relevant culture of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu(from the sixth to the fifteenth chapter). Emigrates from central plains and neighborhood places ever from the end of Jin Dynasty had laid the foundation of Fujian Wushu. From Ming and Qing Dynasty till the period of Japanese occupation, emigrates mainly from Fujian and also from Guangdong brought Southern Wushu to Taiwan. Around Taiwan’s recovery, civil and military emigrates from mainland to Taiwan formed the origin of Taiwan Northern Wushu. The Anti Japanese War had profound influence on Quan Qi array, technical style, spiritual tradition and martial regions. Around Zheng-Qing War, warriors and masters in coastal areas followed Zheng to Taiwan. “Zhen Tou” is special in Fujian and Taiwan, “Songjiang Zhen” and “Lion Zhen” are even more emphasized on Wushu performance and “Zhen Fa” practice. Wushu not only became themes and artistic expression means in opera and swordsman movie, but also became organic composition of kungfu literature and movie in Hongkong and Taiwan. Taiwanese chivalry images are refractions of the cultural psychology of Taiwan. The Min Yue clan, who were bravery and skillful in baffle in history, the indigenous people with a tradition of bravery and pugnacity, and Wushu in Hakka ethnic group of Fujian and Taiwan all reflects their universal military tradition with a long history. The strong ancestral idea and trigger-happy ethnic characters continuously sustain the weapon fight ethos and promote the military tradition of folk in Fujian and Taiwan and Wushu communications across the Taiwan Strait. People in Fujian and Taiwan walked in the forefront of the times, activities of Fujian warriors in 72 revolutionary martyrs at Huanghuagang, the revolutionary activities of west Fujian warriors during revolutionary civil war and activities of Taiwanese people in the anti-cut struggle against Japan in Taiwan in 1895 all reflected Fujian and Taiwanese warriors’ concern for the world. The Heaven and Earth Society germinated in Fujian Zhangzhou area. The secret societies such as the Heaven and Earth Society almost trained in Wushu and formed “Hongquan”, which was mainly disseminated in “Hongmen”. Along with the internal or oversea spreading of the Heaven and Earth Society, both the military tradition and contents of Fujian Wushu were disseminated. Especially, Wushu culture phenomena of Southern Shaolin were formed in Fujian and Taiwan Wushu practice communities, which were multidimensional and multi-level cultural items combined with phenomena such as culture of societies and parties as well as Culture of Buddhist. Based on the support of Tan Kah-kee, the outflow of Wushu masters such as Shen Yangde, the Wushu practice for self-protection among overseas Chinese labors, Fujian Wushu was disseminated home and oversea. Fujian crane-style boxing became the source of Japanese karate and Taiwan became the outpost disseminating Chinese Wushu overseas during barrier times. The national ranking and native regional distribution of a large bulk of warriors in Song Dynasty was the reflection of regional military ethos of Fujian. The Bingshu “General Military Principles” edited by Zeng Gongliang was an important historical material for research on Wushu before Song Dynasty. Yu Dayou’s monograph on Wushu theory – “Sword Sutra” was a vital theoretical reference for various Wushu schools. This book together with his fantastic stick skill had influences on strategists as well as Wushu masters and their works, and also on Shaolin Wushu, Northwest Wushu and even oversea Wushu. Fujian and Taiwan Wushu was also permeated in architecture and place names, written in local records and Baishi, and circulated in oral folk idioms, proverbs and slang.The improvement in theory of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu culture(the sixteenth chapter). This part was a summary and improvement of the whole research. It concluded system theory of the human-earth-sea relation under the basic framework of mountain-sea block, generation theory interlacing ravages of war and private confliction, shape theory seemed fractional but was a whole block, communication and propagation in divorce and return, and navigation of characteristics of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu culture.Conclusion(the seventeenth chapter). Fujian and Taiwan’s unique geographical location and the natural human environment is the essence of Fujian and Taiwan martial art. Immigration, war and private competition promote its development. The exchanges of Fujian and Taiwan Wushu represent pronounced phases in different phases between mainland and Taiwan, and ethnic and cultural identity is the motivation for Fujian and Taiwan Wushu exchange and dissemination. Wushu has become a life style for people in Fujian and Taiwan. The Fujian and Taiwan Wushu culture manifest the characteristics of pioneering, unyielding and concerning for the world.