Researches On The Historical Evolvement Of Physical Education Textbooks Of Middle And Primary Schools In The Recent Times Of China

Textbook is the concentrated reflection of the country’ s mainstream culture and ideology; it is the important tool to convey the civilization of the human beings. Textbook possess vital research value. This paper reviews the development features of the PE textbooks at different times thought a systematic reflection of the track of historical changes of physical education textbooks of middle and primary schools in the recent times of china and sums up the related rules and experiences during the historical changes. The main research conclusions are as follows"(1)The PE textbook in the recent times of China comes on to the historical stage under the impact of the eastward transmission of the western science and of the reform to become more prosperous, along with the emergence of the PE classes in the modern times. The emergence of the PE classes in the recent times is not only the product of the PE classes in the recent times, but also the expression and carrier of the western PE culture being transmitted to China.(2) From the end of Qing Dynasty to the Republic period, the contents of the PE textbook in the recent times of China have experienced the giant leap from "gymnastics" to "PE". In1922, before issuing the new curriculum structure, the contents of PE textbook featured general gymnastics and army gymnastics; after the new curriculum structure; track and field sport, ball games, gymnastics, games, martial art and so on have become the main content of the PE textbook.(3) The development of PE textbook in new China has presented distinct periodical features; from1986to1999PE textbook has entered a fast-developing era; changing from the "Country Deciding System " era of "One Class One Book" to "One Class Multiple Books " era of "Multiple Classes Multiple Books"; after1999, PE textbook enters profound reform period of the third generation ’ s PE classes period with the thorough promotion of a new round of curriculum reform.(4) The development and changes of the PE textbook in the recent times of China are the results of the interactive influence and restriction from multiple factors such as social politics, economics, culture, education and PE; it is the representation of the country awareness. In the same time, the development of PE textbook has its own relative independence and it would be affected by the experiences and rules summed up and accumulated during the development process of the textbook itself. (5) The name of the PE textbook in the recent tines of China has experiences of changes from "gymnastics" to "PE", then to "PE and health"; the development mode has experienced three pariods from "copinism " to " localization exploration, then to " internationalized developrnent"; the contents has experienced from striving for uniformity to highly uniformed, after which processes of fexibility and diversification have heen expanded; the review system has experienced from "Review Deciding System "to "Country Deciding System" and then back to "Review Deciding System". the study subject has experienced from "learning from Japan" to " learning from Erurope and the USA" and then to "learning from Russia",and at last has entered the process of learning from the advanced experiences of many countries like Japan and the USA.(6) Along with the era development, the general level of PE textbook of the middle and primary schools in the recent times of China has achieved great accomplishment. It has presented changes from focusing on the social value of PE textbook to individual delelopment, from "textbook" to "learning material", from "centering the teacher" to "centering the student, setting promotion of the inteorated development of the student’s mind and body as the goal".