The History Change Of China's People's Congress System Research

The National People’s Congress institution of China is thefundamental political institution, and is one of the democratic politicalinstitution of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Due to its’prominent status in the life and development of Chinese politics, and itsdevelopment which is full of twists and turns, the study of the nationalpeople’s congress institution occupies an important position in theinstitution research areas. In this paper, it will be answered that whydoes the conflicts between the supremacy authority of the nationalpeople’s congress institution in design and the absence of independencyand autonomy in practice exist?, which factors do cause the mismatchbetween institutional space and actual space of the national people’scongress institution?, and what we can do to improving the nationalpeople’s congress institution in order to promote the democratizationprocess of china?In this paper, by using the paradigm of historical institutionalismand historical materialism, taking evolution of the national people’scongress institution as research target, and starting from evolutionresearch and comparative research，the author try to look for thefoundation reason why the institutional space of national people’scongress conflicts with actual space of it. This study doesn’t limit tomacro research of institution and polity, or microscopic studies ofchanges in the institution rules, but meso-level institution research toanalysis interactive relationships between institution, situations ideasand behaviors by taking institutions itself as the independent variableand the dependent variable. In this paper, situations, ideas, behaviorand the institution itself are the four dimensions of longitudinal changeprocess and horizontal comparison of china’s and western representativeinstitution, in order to interpret, to confirm and explore the problemsof the evolution of the national people’s congress institution space.This article is composed of five chapters and conclusion. The firstchapter is the introduction, which includes main problem and research significance, domestic and abroad research status, the core assumptions,and the logic and frame of the study. Finally it will give a briefexplanation of the overall framework and direction, the expectinginnovation and difficulties of the paper.The second chapter describes the meaning and the evolution processof the national people’s congress institution. Firstly, as organizingform of regime and fundamental institutions of china, the connotation ofthe national people’s congress institution includes at least threeelements: organizational structure, rules systems and the power structure.Secondly, the development process of the national people’s congressinstitution includes three stages: generation period of the institution(1954-1954), the adaptation period of the institution(1954-1976), and thedevelopment period of the institution(1976-present). The adaptationstage of the national people’s congress institution includes fourperiods: preliminary exploration period of the institution(1954-1957),tortuous development period of the institution(1957-1966), severedestruction period of the institution(1966-1976), and the survival of theinstitution(1975) marked by the fourth national people’s congressmeeting.The third chapter is the historical reasons for the change of thenational people’s congress institution. In this section, by thehistorical research methods and dynamic analysis methods, we can observethat four variables have a significant impact on the institution in threestages of the institution development. The first aspect is historicevolution of the national people’s congress institution and its changesin the social situations. The generation of the national people’scongress institution was linked to legitimacy establishing of the newregime, the destruction of the national people’s congress institutionwas linked to centralization and political mobilization, the restorationof the national people’s congress institution depends on the reform andopening up in the eighties. The second aspect is historic evolution ofthe national people’s congress institution and the ideas transformation.The generation of the national people’s congress institution is linked with the regime building theory and representative ideology ofMarxism-Leninism, the destruction of the national people’s congressinstitution is linked to theory of continuing the revolution under thedictatorship of the proletariat, the restoration of the nationalpeople’s congress institution was accompanied with ideology of the times.The third aspect is historic evolution of the national people’s congressinstitution and behavioral changes of the political subject. Thegeneration of the national people’s congress institution was linked withconflicting of various political forces in the historical background ofmodern china, the destruction of the national people’s congressinstitution was linked with expansion of the leaders authority, therestoration of the national people’s congress institution depended onunderstanding about the role of the revolutionary party and the leadershipparty. The last aspect is path-dependence of the national people’scongress institution. Under the influence of learning effects andpath-dependence, the supremacy and authority of the national people’scongress institution conflicts with absence of independency and autonomyin practice，which causes that facts mismatch values in the implementationof the people’s congress.The fourth chapter is comparison of the national people’s congressinstitution and western representative institution from the perspectiveof historical changes. From the lateral analogy perspective, Chinese andwestern representative institution is different in the four aspects ofthe situation, ideas, behavior and institution itself. Firstly, from theperspective of situation, the national people’s congress institution ofchina is exotic because of political conflict in the modern time, butwestern representative institution is the heritage of the ancientdemocratic institution after the bourgeois revolution. Secondly, from theperspective of ideas, the national people’s congress institution ofchina is based on the ideas of “goodness of human nature”,“concentration of power” and “exchange”, but western representativeinstitution is based on the ideas of “evil of human nature”,“separation of power” and “limit power”. Thirdly, from the perspective of behavior, the difference is mainly manifested in theelectoral institution and political party institution. Lastly, from theperspective of institution itself, the difference is mainly manifestedin the organizational structure, rules systems and the power structure.The fifth chapter is theoretical reflection and prospects of historicevolution of the national people’s congress institution of china.Democratic model of socialism with Chinese characteristics which isrelying on each other and effective coordination between political party,democracy and the rule of law in order to bring about the organic unityof party power, people power and state power. The organic unity of thethree aspects, that is the leadership of the party, people being the masterof the land and governing the country by law, is the key question to thedemocratic political development path with Chinese characteristics. Thenational people’s congress institution of china is system carrier toachieve the organic unity of those three aspects, and it is not a “stiff”institution described by western countries, but flexible and promisingthat it is able to adapt to changes of the internal and externalenvironment and adjust itself according to the changing environments.Accompanying with the improvement and innovation of the nationalpeople’s congress institution of china, Actual space will consist withinstitution space, which will promote the democratization process inchina as the fundamental power of political development.The sixth chapter is conclusion. The national people’s congressinstitution of china is not only the important clues to observe the changein china’s political life, but also the important system platform of themodern governance, and the system carrier by which Chinese communist partygoverns the country. The development of the national people’sinstitution will profoundly affect the orbit of china’s political life.Today, Accompanied by the transformation of Chinese society, goodgovernance requires that the national people’s institution become a goodinstitution.