The Research Of Hanjian In Qing Dynasty Borderland

This dissertation firstly pointed out the punishment to Hanjian became the main task of Qing Dynasty in frontier. By summarizing the harm and the policies of punishing of Hanjian, this paper analysed the gains and losses of those policies and reasons why the harm of Hanjian continued. The meaning of Hanjian also was induced. The word of Hanjian was used in the border area government before Opium War.Because Yongzheng Dynasty launched large-scale the hereditary chieftaincy reform, illegal Han people abetted Tushi and Miao people resisting Qing Dynasty to protect self interest. The harm of Hanjian began to be concerned. The hereditary chieftaincy reform changed the social structure. The bullying of Immigrants and local government to YI people become the serious problems in frontier. The new Hanjian appeared. Hanjian were those people who acted following behavior, inciting illegal act of Tushi and Yi people, exploiting property of Tushi and Yi people, abetting lawsuit, help vassal damage interest of Qing Dynasty and acting as gangster in vassal.The illegal behavior of Hanjian seriously damaged the stability in frontier region. The first was to incite illegal act of Tushi and Yi people. The harm reflected abetting Tushi to resist the hereditary chieftaincy reform, provoking the conflict among Tushi, acting as planner of Miao people incident and inciting robbery. The second was to take part in struggle. The harm reflected participating in rebel struggle of Tushi, acting as follower of Miao people uprising and helping Fan people smuggled goods. The third was to occupy fields of Tushi and Yi people. The fourth was to take part in vasaal harming Chinese interest. The fifth was to act as bandits in vasaal. The action Hanjian incited and participated in the resisting struggle of Yi people hampered the process of frontier development. Hanjian largely occupied the fields of Yi people. The disturbance of Yi people to survival caused the turbulence in frontier regionThe Qing rulers viewed Hanjian as primary factor causing stabilization in frontier area.and formulated a series of measures of punish Hanjian. One kind was direct measures, including tight apprehension severe punishment, ban on Han people privately accessing Yi people border. The checking and arresting to Hanjian were included in the performance assessment of Tushi and officials. The appointment of secretary in Tushi area was strictly controlled by Qing dynasty. In addition, the Qing government insured a lot of policies of protecting Yi people property ownership Another kind was indirect measures to eradicate Hanjian. The governer recognized the reasons why Hanjian could abet and bully Miao people were the bully of officials and soldiers, low cultural level and livelihood difficulties of Yi people. To eliminate the root of Hanjian harm, the ruler implemented a series of measures, punishing the bully act of officials and soldiers, managing Yi people by Yi headmen, promoting the development of ethnic minority education, stopping the place of exiled prisoner in ethnic minority stronghold, implementing measures to secure ethnic minority livelihood.Those measures of punishing and eradicating Hanjian objectly played a active role in protecting interest of Tushi and Yi people, maintaining stability of Tushi area. The defect of some critical policies lead the persistence of Hanjian harm in whole Qing Dynasty. Qing government adhered to principles of no checking household occupants of Shengmiao and Shengyi. Because the lack of Baojia system, local officials could not thoroughly identified Hanjian. Hanjian who lurked in Miao society and Tushi area survived. Qing government solved the appropriation of fields by the apartheid of Han people and Miao people. The land property of Miao people was not legally protected by government. Hanjian could continue to occupy the land of Miao people. Qing government deployed a lot of Tun soliders. The government allocated good farmland to military. Those survival Miao people had to cultivate poor fields which lied in hill. The contraction of population and the lack of lands become increasingly acute with the population growth in Miao society. Miao people were forced to riot to survive. The basis of Hanjian was firmed up.Qing government viewed the policy of isolating Han people and Miao people as main measure of eliminating the Hanjian.The government tried to cut off the opportunity of Hanjian abetting and bullying YI people By forbidding living together and marriage of Han people and Miao people. The policy of isolating Han people and Miao people was a double-edged sword. It protected the interest of Miao people, but it also hindered Yi people improving their lives by learning technology and trade. It was also harmful to solve livelihood of Yi people.Hanjian continued to abetting Yi people The poverty, the essential problem of Hanjian abetting Yi people was not solved The word of Han in Hanjian did not specifically refer to Han people. This word also refered to Shouyi and Shoumiao who were incorporated household registration. The premise identity of Hanjian extended from Han people to people. It increased the difficulty and complexity Qing government identified Hanjain.The ruler defined those who occupied fields of Yi people as Hanjian,but it punished them more leniently. This proved Qing government was positive to the development of borderland. The law of punishing Hanjian was deficiency. Qing government confirmed Hanjian by subjective will of emperor, so local officials were confusing about punishing and identifying Hanjian. The Hanjian policies of Qing government become backward and contradictory because the continued unrest in frontier area. Qing government changde the instruction for obscurantism, turned the assimilation into isolation, closed ethnic frontier regions.Those policy reflected the traditional Jimi concept restricted the Hanjian treatment of Qing government.