A Study On The Doctrine Of The Mean Of Oing Dynasty

The Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty is a part of the Four Books of Qing Dynasty, and the Four Books of Qing Dynasty is a part of the academic of Qing Dynasty. It is very necessary to study the Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty in the Four Books and the academic development background of Qing Dynasty. It is the basic idea of this paper to study the Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty linked to the development of the academic history of Qing Dynasty from the perspective of school.The Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty has various schools. From Ming to Qing Dynasty, WANG Fu-zhi objected to the Learning of WANG Yang-ming, returned to ZHU Xi. WANG Fu-zhi’s academic stood independently, broad and profound, didn’t attach to any particular academic schools, his works about the Doctrine of the Mean reflected his mentality of ZHU Xi’s learning from divergence to regression. MAO Qi-ling guarded the Learning of WANG Yang-ming, stood against ZHU Xi, his academic belonged to the Learning of WANG Yang-ming’s school, but it had not confined to WANG’s school, returned to classics was one of the most important tendency of his academic, his work about the Doctrine of the Mean blasted ZHU Xi’s Chapters Variorum, had very big effect to emancipate people’s mind and provided them a new understanding to the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism. The academic purpose of WANG Fu-zhi and MAO Qi-ling are very different, but to rethink and summary of the Neo-Confucianism, they both had made outstanding contributions. The followers of the Learning of WANG Yang-ming rose up to save its fraud, saw developing the Learning of WANG Yang-ming as their responsibility, SUN Qi-feng and Li Yong were the representatives. The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of SUN Qi-feng reflected his harmonic of CHENG and ZHU, advocated pragmatism academic; The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of Li Yong recorded repent and start anew, whereas in the bow of self-cultivation effort. They carried out the reform and revision with the Learning of WANG Yang-ming, corrected the emptiness style of study of the Learning of WANG Yang-ming with practical learning, practical action and practical using. After SUN Qi-feng, YAN Yuan and LI Gong denied all the established thought and theory, created a unique independent theory, the YAN-LI School. The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of YAN Yuan advocated the practical economy, the work about the Doctrine of the Mean of LI Gong inherited and developed the academic thought of YAN Yuan, both of the works embodied their academic attitude of the criticism of Neo-Confucianism and the pursuit of practical. Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was the mainstream ideology in Qing Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism bureaucrats who believed the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism made great contributions to reconstruct the social order at the beginning of Qing Dynasty and maintain stability for the whole Qing Dynasty. The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of LU Long-qi believed the ZHU Xi’s thought deeply, guarded the ZHU Xi’s thought and stood against the other thoughts and theory. The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of LI Guang-di embodied his academic orientation to return to ZHU Xi’s thought, and reflected its difference from ZHU Xi’s thought also. As a main academic form of Qing Dynasty, textual criticism originated in the early Qing Dynasty, its heyday was in the period of Qianjia, the achievements about the Doctrine of the Mean of textual research in Qing Dynasty with YAN Ruo-qu and ZHAI Hao as its representatives. The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of YAN Ruo-qu verified to the geographic name, person name, code name, etc.; The work about the Doctrine of the Mean of ZHAI Hao was a work about miscellaneous test, to list and textual research the different view on the history about the text and contents of the Doctrine of the Mean, is the master of the textual research of the Doctrine of the Mean. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the Western powers invading and the internal contradictions intensifying gradually, the people of insight began to seek the reform road from Confucian classics. The thought of conduct business line elucidated by the Doctrine of the Mean Chapters Query of GUO Song-tao, and the thought of establishing the religion and changing the system elucidated by the Note on the Doctrine of the Mean of KANG You-wei, both are the works which put the Confucian classics and the political reality together.The study of the Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty is not balanced in every stage. It shows the characteristics that a large number of schools existed at the beginning of Qing Dynasty. This paper selected the works about the Doctrine of the Mean of WANG Fu-zhi and MAO Qi-ling from the academic transformation perspective, and the works about the Doctrine of the Mean of the followers of the Learning of WANG Yang-ming, the YAN-LI School, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism to study. The study of the Doctrine of the Mean in mid Qing Dynasty was depressed relatively, which leads to this paper study the Doctrine of the Mean of this period from the textual research school in this period. In the late Qing Dynasty, the study of the Doctrine of the Mean showed the characteristics of practicability to society, so this paper studied the Doctrine of the Mean of the New Text Confucianism. As a whole, this paper selected more works of the Doctrine of the Mean of the initial stage of Qing Dynasty, and selected relatively less works about which of the mid Qing Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty according to the actual situation of the Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty, in order to acquire an accurate understanding and grasp of the overall situation of the Doctrine of the Mean of Qing Dynasty.