Study On The Relationship Of Supervisors And Government Policy Of Guangxu Dynasty

The supervisors were one of the most important groups of ruling clique in the lateQing Dynasty. They had this official position by imperial examination, meanwhile,all of them were skillful of Confucianism and had strong consciousness of defendingtraditional moral principles, strong interaction produced between the consciousness ofdefending traditional moral principles and the duty of impeach, so as to the society inlate Qing Dynasty had a profound impact.The Guangxu Dynasty was the period of the most violent political evolution inthe whole late Qing Dynasty, such as Westernization Movement, Hundred Days’Reform, the New Deal, constitutional and revolution, they sequence happened or neckand neck, so the Guangxu Dynasty was the typical transformation period in modernhistory. The scholar-bureaucrat group as social elites had different performance in thishistorical nodes. The supervisors involved in each of the major events depending ontheir special status and position. The article shows the performance of the supervisorsin all previous significant events, through analysing the Memorial to the throne thatwas the supervisors’ thought carrier, and then further shows the mutual effect betweenhe social elites and society in modern time.When Guangxu inherited the throne, Westernization movement had been going onfor ten years, but most of the supervisors having the traditional bonds guard criticizedit standing in the opposite of westernization, only a few supervisors supported theemerging construction projects in the Westernization New Deal. The above-mentionedsituation broke the traditional impression that the supervisors were stubborn andconservative, meanwhile it marked that the supervisors group began to appear thefissure after the baptism of the Chinese modernization. The political reform rose in theQing Dynasty after the Sino-Japanese War of1894-1895defeat, the supervisors began to divide. Among them, the ones who supported the reform passionately, stated theway of reform and voiced their opinion about the political, economic, and culturalaspects; the ones who opposed the political reform, attacked the reformers and theadvocates through hitting a person when he is down or faking accusation. The internaland external troubles after the protocol of1901forced the rule group to launch aself-help movement named the New Deal. The supervisors performed great differencesin the New Deal: they were keep silent in early days and became active in later period.Although there were two parties of conservative and radical on the understanding ofvarious measures in the New Deal, the supervisors approved the New Deal in themacro instead of completely negative, only putting forward all kinds of blame andcriticism in the concrete scheme. This kind of contradiction reflected the supervisors’hesitation, hesitate and fluctuating when facing the magnificent reform trend. WithWesternization Movement, Hundred Days’ Reform and the New Deal in the late QingDynasty going on, the political struggle never stopped in the late Qing Dynasty. Thesupervisors attended the political struggle with the sense of mission of impeachment,whether accusing the southern political power chiming in with the elegant people, orattacking queen party group standing in emperor party side, also or struggling withYikuang and Yuan Shikai in the political storm of1907.In a word, the supervisors’ various performance in the Guangxu dynasty affectedthe development and change of the palace Guangxu in different extent, as well as madethe supervisors themselves to happen unprecedented change. For the wholecharacteristics, the supervisors’ team changed themselves slowly: from conservative toliberal, from negative supervision to active advice, from being monarch’s refreshing todaring to refute the emperor’s orders. To a certain extent, this kind of change restoredthe function of the traditional impeachment. For the individual characteristics, somesupervisors had some qualitative changes in the political participation and became thespokesmen of in new political forces in the society.