| BackgroudBreakfast, considered the first meal of the day, provides an integral role in supplying sufficient energy and nutrients that can affect the working and learning activities of an individual through the course of the day. Breakfast quality study on youth cognitive functions, and to explore the mechanisms, not only help to improve youth awareness of the importance of breakfast, can also reduce the ability to work due to mental decline due to breakfast, so as to ensure good health and promote work efficiency.ObjectsThis study was aimed to investigate the effect of breakfast on the cognitive functions of Chinese adults. And this study will provide public health strategies and suggestions to educate them to pay much attention to breakfast.Subjects and MethodsA total of 264 participants were recruited from two metropolises Shenyang and Chongqing of China. Shenyang locates in the east-north of China, and Chongqing locates in west-south of China. The study employed a three-phase crossover design trial and was order balanced. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups (Group A, Group B, and Group C) after recruitment. Group A was provided a standard breakfast treatment; Group B was given a small breakfast treatment, and the Group C was given no breakfast treatment in the first week. Then, each participant completed a series of blood glucose level, mood, hunger and satiety, cognitive function tests. All participants took the tests in three successive weeks, and each participant was tested on three occasions:participants consume nutrition-adequate breakfast, nutrition-inadequate breakfast, or no breakfast. In order to eliminate the influence of residual effects, an interval of one week were arranged between each test.Results1. This survey collected a total of 278 subjects, only 62.2% of subjects eat breakfast every day, the proportion of women eat breakfast every day than men (70.1% vs 53.7% ). Followed by the top three places to eat breakfast at home (46.4%), canteens (21.9%), street vendors (18.3%), the proportion of men eat breakfast at roadside stalls is higher than women (25.4% vs 11.8% ), while men in the office eating breakfast less than the proportion of women (0.7% vs 7.6%). Daily breakfast cost at 3-6 yuan and 6-10 yuan percentage is higher, at 34.9% and 21.9% respectively. Youth mental workers do not eat breakfast reasons were not time to eat (42.1% ), did not want to eat (23.0%), eating habits (31.2%), no need to eat (5.8%). Only a third of subjects think breakfast consists of four types of food, compared to think breakfast included in the subjects of cereal and milk beans ratio is higher, at 80.6% and 81.7% respectively; The subjects have not enough comprehensive understanding the health effects of breakfast, only 70.5% of white collars thought breakfast nutrition had a great influence on health; 83.1% of subjects liked to choose to take part in the healthy diet nutrition knowledge lecture, but there are still 12.6%of the subject was not clear whether he was willing to attend the dietary nutrition health knowledge lecture.2. When analyzing total scores, there was an evident difference among the three groups, [F(2.231)=19.33, P< 0.001]. Post hoc analyses revealed participants’ performance differs as a function of breakfast type.Analysis of the digit symbol substitution test score revealed a significant difference between genders [Z=-2.83, P< 0.05] for the standard breakfast treatment and the small breakfast treatment. When analyzing the IMC score, there was a significant difference between the standard breakfast treatment and no breakfast treatment (363.01 vs.327.92, P< 0.05, respectively). Post hoc analysis revealed participants’ performance differed as a function of breakfast type. There was no significant difference among creativity and language logic test.3. The analysis on self-reported measures of positive mood showed a significant difference following breakfast consumption [F(2.231)=3.86, P<0.05] between the standard breakfast treatment and the no breakfast treatment, (28.22 vs.26.22). When analyzing mood states, no significant differences were observed for negative mood between the test conditions. The analysis on satiety and hunger showed a significant difference following breakfast consumption [F(2,231)=71.24,.P＜0.001] among the three different breakfast treatment, (t=3.8, P<0.01).There was no significant difference between fasting blood glucose levels, but ostprandial two-hour blood glucose showed significant differenceF(2,231)= 9.57, P< 0.001).CloclusionsThis study show that nutrition-adequate breakfast can improve adult short-term cognitive function. Its possible mechanism is nutrition-adequate breakfast play a role in maintaining the body’s blood glucose levels stable. In addition, due to the lack of nutrition knowledge, the importance of breakfast has still not get got enough attention. It is necessary to draw attention to the need for the Chinese adult population and public health agencies to collaborate in attempts to cultivate good breakfast habits and behaviors. |
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