| Sweat is the basic biological activities of human body, it plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis. Generally, sweating regulates the body temperature.Anincrease in core body temperature (e.g., because of thermogenesis,mostly muscle activity) and skin temperature (e.g.,because of sun irradiation) stimulates temperature receptors and thus thermosensory afferences, cause the body coretemperature increases,then the body will reduce the temperature by sweat evaporation, so as to maintain aconstant body temperature. In addition, sweating can also assist or replace part of kidney metabolism function. The wastes of metabolism and bioaccumulated toxicants are excreted via sweat, and sweating participates in the balance of water and electrolyte metabolism. In recent years, along with the skin diseases, urinary tract diseases, cancer and other diseases which are closely related to the body excretion function increased significantly, the medical profession is begin to pay more and more high attention to the important physiological functions ofsweat. Sweating mainly includes thermoregulatory sweating and emotional sweating. Central nervous system has different regulatory mechanisms for different types of sweating also. The preoptic anterior hypothalamus(POAH)is the temperature regulationcenter for hermoregulatory sweating, but the central control mechanisms of emotional sweating is still not elucidated, and the related theories need to be improved.Chinese medicine also has a wealth of knowledge and summary on sweat. Ancient physicians thought promoting sweating is the first of the eight methods. It can harmonize the nutrient and defense, release both the exterior and interior, and regulate the effect of viscera and bowels by outthrust through the exterior, release the flesh, detoxify and diffuse the lung, and unblock the meridian and collateral. Meanwhile, the features of qi deficiency constitution, which is one of nine types constitution in Chinese medical theory, are source qi deficiency and insecurity of exterior qi, so they are easy to sweating and have introverted characteristic. These show a close relationship to thermoregulatorysweating and emotional sweating, but the related and concrete mechanism of physiological and pathological is not in-depth study yet.Guangdong is located in a special humid heat environment, how to use the theory of skin sweat metabolism to ensure the normal life of people, special operations forces, and the completion of military operation, training and combat mission, to prevent the vital organs and system of the body from progressive damage, to avoid non-combat attrition has very important significance. At the same time, in-depth understanding of the mechanism of sweating and regulating mechanism can help us use the physiological role of different types of sweating better. It has important reference significance for training and wartime body function regulation of peopje, and lay the theoretical foundation for the research and application of the development of more service to the clinical or other fields.Part Ⅰ Effects of profuse sweating induced by high intensity aerobic training on the metabolism of some substances in humid heat environmentObjectiveThis observational study was designed to determine whether high intensity aerobic training-induced profuse sweating could affect the metabolism of some substances of human inhumid heat environment.Methods56 soldiers were randomly selected, then used automatic biochemical analyzer to measure potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid concentration of their blood and urine samples which were collected before and after exercise and sweat samples which were collected during training.Results1. Compare to before sweating, potassium (from 3.85 to4.10 mmol/L), sodium (from142.96 to 143.82 mmol/L), calcium (from 2.20 to 2.21 mmol/L), urea nitrogen (from 4.41 to4.46mmol/L), creatinine (from61.25 to 67.65μmol/L) and uric acid (from 358.61 to 399.63μmol/L)concentration of blood rose, but chloride (from 100.24 to 99.31 mmol/L), phosphorus (from 4.25 to 3.61 mmol/L)concentration decline;Amongthem, the change of the potassium, sodium, chlorine, creatinine, uric acid concentration were significantly (P<0.01).2. Compare to before sweating, potassium (from 38.82 to 55.66 mmol/L) and phosphorus (from 9.97 to 12.62 mmol/L) concentration of urineincreased, sodium (from 197.00 to 139.96 mmol/L),chloride (from 207.35 to 138.75 mmol/L), calcium (from 3.99 to 2.71 mmol/L), urea nitrogen (from 244.52 to 214.93 mmol/L), creatinine (from 12272.98 to 12353.36 λmol/L) and uric acid (from 2608.15 to 2072.05μmol/L) concentration reduced (P<0.01). Expect creatinineconcentration, other concentration changes are siginificantly (P<0.01).3. The concentration in sweat:potassium:3.97±13.13 mmol/L,sodium:189.14 ±121.88 mmol/L, chloride:181.75±140.21 mmol/L, calcium:2.09±1.43 mmol/L, phosphorus:0.06±0.06 mmol/L, urea nitrogen:31.27±19.16 mmol/L, creatinine: 4.96±2.67 nmol/L, uric acid:22.56±21.37μmol/L. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, urea nitrogen werehigher than the levels has been reported in previous studies.4. The changes of urine creatinine (P<0.01) and calcium (P<0.05) concentration before and after sweating were associated with sweat composition. The changes of conponents concentration in blood before and after sweating were not associated with sweat composition.ConclusionUnder humid heat environment, high intensity aerobic training results in inorganic and organic ingredients metabolism. Conponents losses via sweat are higher than the general.Sweat could play an important role in metabolism process.Part II The establishment of induced and monitoring paradigm of emotional sweatingObjectiveTo establish emotional sweating induced and monitoring paradigm, to prepare for the follow-up experiments, fill up the blank field of relevant research methods.MethodsOn the basis of reading a lot of literatures at domestic and foreign, combined with psychology and medical experimental method and induced to the emotional, first determine the tension induced material. Through the professional psychology E-prime programming software, written in two by program:Psychology classical fear anxiety inducing program- "death to the" movie clips; the exposure of social and psychological pressure through the intelligence test with SSwRs strategy and psychology of medical induction, induced anxiety. Determine the palm for emotional sweating detection part, determination of physiological indexes SC, Temp. and SpO2, fNIRS is chosen as the activation of platform monitoring emotional sweating in the process of cerebral cortex. The overall design is finished, the recruitment of 15 college students volunteer to pre experiment, according to the physiological data real-time monitoring and subjective emotional weight subjects score comparison of two kinds of way to induce.ResultsAfter evaluation of pre experiment and finally determined by screening and monitoring of emotional sweating, successfully established evoked paradigm of emotional sweating:the palm fordetectiving, a induce induced task which be programed by professional psychology E-prime programming software, the measurement index are SC, Temp. and SpO2, with fNIRS as the platform, in response to the situation of the monitoring of the cerebral cortex.ConclusionThe research methods of emotional sweating, tension, fear and other emotions induced varied according to different subjects, no induced model specification, and the research on emotional sweating is not enough. In this experiment, in reference to a large number of research literature and the evaluation and selection of pre experiment, determined by monitoring paradigm and emotional sweating, and provide experimental basis for subsequent experiments and rich emotional sweating theory.Part III Study on the mechanism of the prefrontal cortex regulating different constitution during different types of sweatingObjectiveTo observed regulation effect of prefrontal cortex in normal constitution and qi deficiency constitution during thermoregulatory sweating and emotional sweating, and to compare the differences of skin conductance(SC), skin temperature (Temp.) and Oxygen saturation (SpO2) during two types of sweating.MethodsUse standardized TCM Constitution Questionnaire,20 student volunteers (male) were divided into normal constitution, and qi deficiency constitution, then take part in three parts of test.(1)2min cortical resting state no task monitoring imaging by functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS).(2) infrared treatment light irradiation intermediate region between two scapula (upper margin of scapula was less than L1, interval distance 20cm) 15min, after the end the subjects rested for 10min.(3) use a computer to play emotional sweating induced task, subjects according to the instructions to complete the action or enter the result with the right hand on the keyboard, the process lastlOmin. The prefrontal cortex was synchronously monitored by fNIRS and SC, S-Temp and SpO2 levels were recorded also in three-part test.Results1. About SC, S-Temp and SpO2:(1)SC, S-Temp and SpO2 values of thermoregulatory sweating and emotional sweating are significantly different (P<0.01). The SC (mV) and Spo2 (%) level of emotional sweating process (10.70±3.37 and 97.55±0.57) were higher than the level of thermoregulatory sweating (6.35±3.83 and 96.47±0.64), Temp ((?)) level (94.06±3.13) was lower than the level of warm sweating process (96.64±1.12) (χ±s).(2) SC value of normal constitution, and qi deficiency constitution groups is significantly different(P<0.01) during thermoregulatory sweating and emotional sweating. And the SC value in thermoregulatory sweating is higher than in emotional sweating.2. The response of the prefrontal cortex:(1)During thermoregulatory sweating of 20 subjects, the left brain cortex region of the BA4, BA6 and BA8 had HBO response, but the extent is gentle; and during emotional sweating the first somatic motor area (BA4) had HBO obviously response, and is also part of the right side of the prefrontal activation.(2) During thermoregulatory sweating, two groups of constitution had no significant activation in the prefrontal cortex. Normal constitution group was visible in frontal side BA4 response significantly, and the left BA6 had HBO limitation of significant response. Qi deficiency constitution group showed around the central midline HBO response, but the extent is lower than in the frontal lobe and left BA4, BA6, BA8 and BA9 regional activation significantly and right near the midline position BA4 significant response.(3)During emotional sweating, cortex significantly overall response positively in normal constitution group, but overall negative in qi deficiency constitution group. The right prefrontal activation of continuity could be find but only the left side of the left prefrontal activation segment obviously (lack of continuity) in normal constitution group; and bilateral BA4 and BA6 large area HBO significant response, and right frontal lobe BA4, BA6, BA8, BA9, BA10 and BA46 regional activation have continuity, but near the midline are most of HBO significantly reduced the area. Qi deficiency group only in the BA4 and BA6 scattered response in a small area.3. The left and right cerebral cortex (HBO response) correlation analysis(1) Comparative analysis of thermoregulatory sweating and emotional sweating (20 subjects self-control) Thermoregulatory sweating:frontal and parietal visible part of a more symmetrical activation response, basically contains BA4, BA6, BA8 and BA9 area.Emotional sweating:lack of symmetry in the cortex, only the left BA4 and the left-side of BA6, BA8, BA9 respond obviously.(2) Thermoregulatory sweating in different constitution group correlation analysis oxygen metabolic process were more symmetrical in both two groups, and normal constitution group had the lower cortical activity level, and Qi deficiency group showed higher oxygen metabolic response level in BA4, BA6, BA8 area.(3)Emotional sweating in different constitution group correlation analysis Normal constitution group showed symmetry oxygen metabolism on left and right prefrontal cortex than Qi deficiency group, and right BA4, BA6, BA8 region significantly activated. While the Qi deficiency group showed HBO low response state overallcortex.Conclusion1. BA4 and BA6 regulate thermoregulatory sweating and emotional sweating both in two types of constitution and the two regions areclosely linked to thalamus and other parts of the brain via neural connections. Preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) (well-known tempreture regulation center) possiblely connects with these two regions through the nerve fibres and basal ganglia to regulate sweating process. Prefrontalcortex probably only involved in regulating emotional sweating.2. During emotional sweating, cortex of normal constitution group respond positively, while qi deficiency constitution group cortex performance is more negative. It may be associated with physiological and pathological features of qi deficiency constitution.3. During thermoregulatory sweating, prefrontal cortex activation response is almost symmetric and equal extent. While emotional sweating response owe symmetrical frontal cortex.4. In the process of research sweating, SC can be used as extremely sensitive indicators to measure the extent of sweating, especially in non- dominant sweating process. |
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