The Research On Paddy Soil Biotope Degredation Of Jilin Province

Land is an important foundation for human survival and socio-economic development. For a long time, in order to solve the basic problem of supply of agricultural products, in pursuit of higher output and greater economic benefits as a driving force of the extension of development and utilization, it has resulted in too much human intervention in agricultural elements with soil as the carrier and in deterioration of soil habitat and the whole agricultural ecological environment. Farmers’ desires for short incomes and material economic pursuit have been satisfied to some extent, but it has brought infinite threats and troubles to sustainable development of humankind and nature. To solve the problem of agricultural pollution, we must resolve the farmland habitat problem first.Paddy is one of the main grain crops in Jilin Province, and the impact of paddy soil habitat on the agricultural soil habitat in Jilin Province is self-evident. In Jilin Province, after the paddy soil is cultivated, the soil habitat situation undergoes great changes, i.e. excessive heavy metals and natural fertility decline in general. Tests of heavy metal content in soil and analysis show that the contents of many heavy metal elements, including cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), nickel(Ni), etc. are higher than the background values, and, in particular, they cumulate evidently in the human activity-intensive areas. Many visible representations show that the paddy soil habitat quality is facing a great ordeal in Jilin Province.Rice farmers are the main body of paddy production, and the direct emancipator of the variety of chemical inputs to the paddy field, therefore,in order to improve the rice soil habitat, we must regulate the production activity of rice farmers in agricultural environment, and speed up the implementation of rice planting cleaner production. This study is based on the research of the data of the Jilin Province Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Project Funded by the World Bank, conducts the baseline surveys of paddy soil environment in Jilin Province, grasps the differences in soil habitats and pollutions of paddy fields. Through questionnaires on rice planting cleaner production from rice faermers’ perspective, it investigates the paddy soil pollution caused by anthropogenic factors, and attempts to address the microscopic receptors problems that hinder rice planting cleaner production, which is conducive to vigorous promotion of rice planting cleaner production, to construct feasible path to sustainable development.The research is composed of eight chapters. Its major research contents and conclusions are as follows:Chapter I and Chapter II describe the background of this study, deliberation framework and literature review at home and abroad. They clarify the significance of this study, main research contents, research methods, technical routes, etc. while defining the concept and scope of this study. Also, they annotate the theoretical basis and research achievements at home and abroad, and lay the theoretical foundation for the study below.Chapter III takes two paddy growing areas, the 2nd Songhua River Basin and Yanbian Prefecture, as cases. It analyzes the deterioration of the habitats in paddy soils in Jilin Province, and conducts chain analyses of various pollution factors and and the analysis of the impact on rice. The results show that heavy metals have accumulated in the soil of the 2nd Songhua River Basin Irrigation Region, which confirms the inference of the paper that a variety of heavy metals in the 2nd Songhua River Basin Irrigation Region are mainly from human activities such as agriculture. According to the analysis of soil pH value, the soil in the lower reaches of the Songhua River is more suitable for paddy growth, while soil pH value in Yanbian is slightly lower than the required pH value suitable for paddy growth. And the deterioration of paddy soil habitat has made different degree of negative impact on the quality and the yield of the crop production. As the problem pointing out of this study,this chapter explain the paddy soil environment pollution, and strengthen the key point of this study at the same time, and also laid the foundation of the following analysis.Chapter IV makes qualitative analyses of rice farmers’ factors that cause paddy soil habitat degradations. It mainly includes unscientific applications of agricultural inputs, livestock pollutants discharge, lack of awareness of rice planting cleaner production, failures of related policies, and other impact factors.Then conducts empirical analyses of correlations between rice farmers’ production activities and paddy field soil habitats.The leading causes of source factors of non-natural affinity should be attributed to the lack of awareness of cleaner production of rice planting, economic interests, related policies and regulations in need of being perfected, etc. It is learned by analyses that, in order to address the root causes of habitat deterioration in paddy soils and build rice planting cleaner production systems, we must start from the rice farmers’ production behaviors, including makers of government policies and implementers of agricultural policies in terms of individual behaviors. Chapter VI and Chapter VII elaborate on some proposals on detailed management methods and policy measures.Chapter V is as the connecting link of this study,it conducts empirical analyses of correlations between rice farmers’ production activities and influencing factors of the paddy field soil habitats from the perspective of economics, discusses rice farmers’ production activities that impact the quality of paddy soil habitats, and caries out analyses in the methods of survey data and statistics. The results show that excessive applications of fertilizers and pesticides by rice farmers and adoption of rice planting cleaner production technologies have impacts upon environment. This chapter selects such factors as individual rice farmer features, rice farmers’ family endowments, use of rice planting cleaner production technology, etc. uses the multiple linear regression model and the binary choice models, and analyzes such impact factors as amount of fertilizer applications, amount of pesticide applications, adoption of cleaner production technologies or not, etc. by rice farmers in paddy growing. In terms of chemical fertilizer applications, the rice farmers who are with higher levels of education, older, have worked in the agricultural sector longer and have adopted the deeper fertilization and manure technologies apply less fertilizers on unit field area, compared with the others; the field renting rice farmers apply more fertilizers on unit field area; in the use of pesticides, the rice farmers who are older, with more annual family incomes and larger growing fields, and the field renting rice farmers apply more pesticides on unit field area than the others, while the households that have more labor force and use pesticide synergists apply less pesticides. In terms of rice planting cleaner production cleaner production technology adoption, the rice farmers who are older, with higher level of education, have worked in the agricultural sector longer and have larger paddy growing fields tend to adopt more cleaner production technologies, while the two factors of field renting and higher grain commercialization rate are not conducive to rice farmers willingness to adopt rice planting cleaner production technologies. This chapter also lays the theoretical and empirical basis for Chapter VI on treatment methods and Chapter VII on policy proposals.Chapter VI, on the basis of the Chapter IV and Chapter V, analyzes and describes rice farmers’ behaviors related to soil habitat degradation in paddy fields in Jilin Province, and it focuses on the specific control measures. It proposes explicitly such detailed treatment methods as enhancement of the awareness of rice planting cleaner production, economic compensations from the government to farmers, establishment of an environment-friendly model of rice planting, paddy environmental baseline surveys, organization of publicity and training of paddy quality and safety, etc.Chapter VII is based on the recommendations as references to governmental departments in a separate section on analyses and discussions of policy development. Through analyses of domestic and foreign policy tools as references, it summarizes the policy recommendations against paddy soil habitat deterioration, including supplementary special regulations, integrity of relevant legal systems; intensification of prevention awareness and education, enhancement of legal awareness, management of land resources in accordance with the law; intensification of asset management of land resources, meeting the market needs for economic development; strengthening the functional system building of the institutions, establishment of local government target responsibility system; exploration of innovative programs on rural land ecology protection, intensification of prevention and comprehensive management oversight, etc. It provides the government functional institutions with clear and intensified theoretical foundations and implementation basis to build agricultural cleaner production systems and improve agricultural cleaner production policies and regulations.Chapter VIII summarizes the main findings of this study and puts forward corresponding proposals, and, on the basis of that, it further elaborates on the potential expansion of the research in the future.