| Sanjiang plain is an important commodity grain base in China, and it is more than half of the rice field, and the groundwater is reduced 1 meters every year. In order to investigate the yield of rice in cold area formation and regulation, in different years were compared between light and temperature difference and influence on rice yield, of cold rice tiller dynamic, dry matter accumulation of different irrigation methods and planting density, grain filling and shallow soil temperature characteristics of irrigation methods and density on rice yield and photosynthetic matter production characteristics and interaction effects, in Jiamusi region to carry out the test species, density test and irrigation test, after 4 years of study obtained following results:From 2011 to 2014, To obtain high yield of rice in cold region is the primary task of varieties to choose, should be chosen according to different temperature suitable varieties of leaf age. The local planting Kongyu 131(LJ31),,Longjing 31(KY131), Kendao 23(KD23) and 12 leaves variety kenjiandao 6(KJD6) can adapt to the high yield and high efficiency cultivation of local varieties.The average yield respectively for 11249.08 kg·hm-2, 11653.45 kg·hm-2, 10815.90 kg·hm-2 and11179.89 kg·hm-2. To exhibit strong group advantages, with a high leaf area index(LAI), especially before and after heading stage, and more to adapt to the local planting varieties with higher leaf area index, LAImax of 11 leaf varieties can reach 5.22(KY131), and LAImax of 12 leaf varieties reach 5.69(KJD6); These varities have high square meters of stem and sheath dry mass at heading stage(729.43 g·m-2 ~ 834.77 g·m-2), high square meters of biomass(1241.05 g·m-2 ~ 1488.38g·m-2), high particle ratio(24.18 g·cm-2 ~ 24.18 g·cm-2), eventually forming high quality group advantages. SPAD value of the last four leaf can maintain a long time(SPAD value 45-50); These varieties have strong dry matter production and transport capacity, high harvest index, high growth potential of grain filling, high growth rate, the final growth rate and grain filling rate of spike,middle grain and grain number. Cold rice varieties on Yield and heading date stem leaf dry mass(R2stem =0.4520**; R2 leaf =0.4575**), leaf area index(R2=0.4220**) and biological yield(R2=0.1835**) is a quadratic function relation, and heading date grain leaf ratio and harvest index significantly positive related(R2grain leaf ratio=0.1593*; R2 harvest index =0.5291*).The air temperature and solar radiation in the experimental area in 2011 to 2014 were analyzed in detail, compared the different years between temperature and light conditions,investigated the temperature and light conditions on dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics of source and sink, between yield and its components of rice. The results show that utilization rate of daily active and effective accumulated temperature tended to increase year byyear, and solar radiation was decreased year by year trend during the growth period. The difference of each growth period is larger, but solar radiation intensity is the highest in 2014 year in filling stage. In the whole growth period of rice, higher daily activities and effective accumulated temperature and its utilization rate, high solar radiation after heading have obvious role in promoting for yield improvement, correlation analysis also proved this point. The relationship daily activity and effective accumulated temperature and utilization, daily average solar radiation intensity after heading and yield components significantly or very significantly positive related. Daily activities(R=0.38*), effective(R=0.42*) accumulated temperature utilization rate and daily average solar radiation intensity after heading(R=0.36*) and 1000-grain weight showed significant positive correlation.In the guarantee conditions mature, the whole growth period active accumulated temperature of different varieties and yield(R2=0.6946**), biomass(R2=0.4909**), dry weight of leaf and stem of heading(R2stem=0.7419**, R2leaf=0.4573**), grain/leaf(R2=0.3418*), harvest index(R2=0.6321**), crop growth rate(R2=0.7899**) and net assimilation rate(R2=0.7351**) showed a quadratic function relation, and fitting effect reached extremely significant level, and with leaf area index is extremely significant positive correlation(R=0.8050**).From 2012 to 2013, Kongyu 131 and Kendao 24 was used as test material. This research aims at discussing the influence of irrigation regimes on characteristics of temperature in shallow soil layer, tiller dynamic, dry matter accumulation and grain filling characteristics of rice in cold region,deepen the understanding of the regulation of grain filling process, which has provided theoretical basis for guiding the high yield and high efficiency cultivation of rice. Kendao 24 and Kongyu131(Two rice cultivars widely planted in northeasten china) were planted in the field with three kind of irrigation regime, heavy irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying(W1), light irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying(W2) and irrigation with shallow water(W3). The positive correlation between temperature and soil temperature of 0~15cm in soil decreased with the increase of depth. Rice regreening stage the soil temperature variation trend is consistent, the tillering stage to W1 treatment the earliest time Tmin. Before and after heading stage soil temperature of growth period in the highest in treatment W2 increased significantly Tavg after heading 10 cm, 15 cm soil layer, but Tmin is low, Ttg becomes larger, and Ttg is decreased after the temperature is reduced. It will analyze the influence of irrigation regimes on yield and grain filling of rice in cold region. Irrigation treatment will cause significant effect on the number of stem and tiller, percentage of earbearing tiller, dry matter accumulation, dry matter transmission in stem-sheath after heading sprouting, grain-filling properties, yield and its components. W2 and W1 treatment have effectively controlled the ineffective tillering, increased the seed setting rate, and reduced the height of plant and length of the third and forth internode from the top. Under the W2 treatment, percentage of earbearing tiller was increased, dry matter accumulation and transport ability was enhanced, and 1000-grain weight also has been increased significantly. From the filling characteristics, the relationship between the fresh weight of grain and days after anthesis was aquadratic curve relation under different irrigation regimes. The simulation effect of Kendao24 was better than Kongyu131, the maximum grain fresh weight(Ymax) of W2 treatment was the largest in two varieties. W2 treatment had larger grain filling rate which showed a single peak curve, early rapid growth, start filling and reaching the maximum grain filling rate time early; Grain dry weight can be analyzed by Richards equation. In terms of production, the processing actual output of W2 treatment increased by 13.91% to 28.26% and by 5.31 to 9.95% in 2012 compared with those of W1 and W3 treatments, respectively. However, the actual output of W2 treatment increased only by22.05% to 25.67% and by 5.15% to 7.70% in 2013 compared with those of W1 and W3 treatments,respectively. Therefore, yield increasing way of W2 treatment is achieved by a reasonable allocation of plant agronomic traits, high dry matter accumulation ability and the proportion,strong stem and sheath dry matter transport capacity, and the formation of high quality population;High final weight of a kerne(A) and initial grain-filling potential(R0), short time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate(Tmax), high maximum grain-filling rate(Gmax)and mean grain-filling rate(Gmean); Effect of secondary rachis branch is greater than the primary rachis branch, which was significantly increased 3 grain-secondary branch grain number and yield, and high harvest index,1000-grain weight and seed setting rate, which causing high grain yield. Irrigation regimes have a greater impact on the formation of yield and regulation of grain filling process of rice in cold region. From the production point of view, the moderate dry wet alternate irrigation regimes is more suitable to be applied in the high yield and high efficient cultivation of rice in cold region at present, and severe dry wet alternate and shallow water irrigation are not conducive to the increase of yield of rice in cold region.Along with the growth process, the time of the extreme value of the soil temperature in each density treatment was gradually postponed to the former time point, and the time point of the soil layer was delayed. The positive correlation between temperature and soil temperature of 0~15cm in soil decreased with the increase of depth. Rice turning green stage, Tmax increases with increasing density, while Tmin decreases with the increase of the density. High density treatment on rice tillering period of daytime warming fast, night temperature is the lowest temperature and10 cm, 15 cm soil temperature at 10 h ~ 22 h increased with the density increased. Soil temperature was the highest in the period of heading stage. Tmax, Tmin and Tavg of the soil layer at each density level were significantly positively correlated with the temperature, while the Ttg was negatively correlated with temperature, and the difference was not significant. Planting density and the spike rate was two times curve(R2=0.8781*), D2 treatment with tiller number, high rate of productive tillers; before and after heading stage with high dry matter accumulation and yield; having a high dry matter production and transport capacity, rate of grain filling and high initial potential maximum grain filling, but filling time in short, the grain weight was lower. The yield components,grain number per plant and grain weight increased with the density decreased. The correlation analysis showed that grain yield and grain density(R2=0.8156*) and harvest index(R2=0.8449*),1000-grain weight(R2=7801*) was two square meters of function relationship, stem number andharvest index(R2=0.7601*), 1000 grain weight(R2=0.6001) was two square meters of function relation, and number of stems and seed density was negatively correlated(R=0.9400**).The results show that the overall effects of each way of irrigation on the dry matter accumulation, production of photosynthetic substance, yield components and yield present W2 >W3 > W1. W2 treatment has greatly improved the rice yield, and increases the 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate of rice. Compared with W3 and W1 treatment, the actual yield respectively increased by 5.05% and 27.89%; W2 treatment has effectively controlled the ineffective tillering,greatly improved percentage of earbearing tiller, and reduced the height of plant and length of the third and forth internode from the top while the growth speed of blade is slower than W3 treatment.Under all the conditions of density, the one resulting in the best effect in biological yield after head sprouting, dry matter transmission in the stem-sheath and the final grain yield is D2 treatment;the blade under D3 treatment grows faster than D2 and D1 treatment, and new leaves will grow.Under the interaction of different ways of irrigation and densities, each kind of way of irrigation and density treatment will cause significant or extremely significant interaction effect on the leaf age, number of stem and tiller, percentage of earbearing tiller, ratio of grain-leaf during heading period, dry matter accumulation, dry matter transmission in stem-sheath after heading sprouting and production of photosynthetic substance, yield components, and yield. The best effect appears under the light irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying and planting distance of 30 cm×10cm(W2D1). Compared with other treatments, it realizes the production increase by 5.0-8.5%, Yield increasing way of W2D1 treatment is achieved by the high ratio of grain-leaf, high leaf area index(LAI), more photosynthetic substance accumulation, high grain weight and harvest index,and the formation of high quality population; great dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage, high crop growth rate(CGR) and net assimilation rate(NAR), strong production capacity of photosynthetic substance, reasonable output and transmission of substances in stem-sheath, and great number of effective panicles, high 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate, which causing high grain yield. The comprehensive analysis shows that the treatments of light irrigation of alternation of wetting and drying and planting distance of 30 cm×10 cm are more suitable for the cultivation of rice in cold zone with high yield and high efficiency. |
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