| Field test was carried out for two consecutive years from 2011-2013 in Wenxi in Shanxi Agricultural University to study the effect of whole year soil moisture conservation in dryland wheat. In order to efficient utilize fallow period precipitation to study the effect of matching nitrogen fertilization, phosphorus fertilization, nitrogen and phosphorus coupling on soil moisture, Nitrogen accumulation in wheat plant, yield and quality formation, study the effect of different sowing date and amount on soil water, the wheat growth characteristics, yield and efficiency, and try to discover the best ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in dryland wheat and the most suitable for the growth of sowing date and amount and explore soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat, and provide theoretical basis for integrating high yield, high quality and efficiency technology system in dryland wheat. The main results are as follows.1. Study of whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheatDeep scarification in fallow period can improve soil water storage efficiency, precipitation potential uses efficiency and precipitation production efficiency, respectively improve 24.70%,7.71% and 6.66%, soil water storage before sowing at each soil layer of 0-300 cm, especially deep soil water storage was improved, soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm from wintering stage to booting stage and water use efficiency were significantly improved, spike number was improved, thereby grain production was improved. Nitrogen accumulation amount in different growth period, nitrogen accumulation amount and its ratio from emergence stage to jointing stage and jointing stage to anthesis stage, NTBA, N uptake efficiency and N productive efficiency were improved, content of protein components, Glu/Gli and protein yield were improved.Deep scarification in fallow period supporting mulching in different growth period,0-300 cm soil water storage from wintering stage to booting stage and water use efficiency were significantly improved. Spike number and 1000-grain weight were improved, thereby yield was improved. Nitrogen accumulation amount in different growth period, and emergence to jointing stage, nitrogen accumulation amount from emergence stage to jointing stage and jointing stage to anthesis stage and its contribution to N in grains, N uptake efficiency, N harvest index and N productive efficiency were improved. Albumin protein, Gliadin protein content and protein yield were improved. Supported film drills, Glutenin, protein content and Glu/Gli were improved.In all, deep scarification in fallow period can effectively use fallow period precipitation, improve soil water storage before sowing, and offer the advantage for timely sowing. Deep scarification supported mulching in different growth period has better moisture effects, improve yield level, promote nitrogen absorption and transport, conducive to improve grain protein content, Glu/Gli, protein yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen efficiency, achieve efficient production, and to deep deep scarification supported film drills has better effect.2. The study of whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat with nitrogen fertilizerAfter deep scarification in fallow period, soil water storage from wintering stage to booting stage was improved, soil water storage at 60-120 cm and 180-240 cm layer from booting stage to anthesis stage, soil water storage at 240-300 cm layer from anthesis stage to maturity stage was improved. After deep scarification the water use efficiency, ear number and grain number of each ear were increased, and the yield was improved. After deep scarification, NAAA of each growth stages and growth phases. NABA and NAAA and NUPE and NPFP were increased. Albumin, Globulin, Gluten, protein content and yield were increased. Activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leafs in 5-30 d after anthesis also were improved.Increasing the amount of nitrogen from 150 kg/hm2 to 180 kg/hm2 after deep scarification in fallow period, the amount of reduced soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm from wintering stage to booting stage was improved,0-300 cm soil water storage from booting stage to anthesis stage and WUE were significantly improved, ear number and grain number of each ear were increased, and yield was increased. NAAA of each growth stages and growth phases, ratio of NAAA from emergency stage to elongation stage and anthesis stage to maturity stage, NAAA and its contribution to N in grains, NUPE and NPFP, protein content and its components, Glu/Gli, activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leafs in 5-30d after anthesis were all improved.All in all, whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat supported nitrogen application can improve soil water storage, improve water use in middle and later period of wheat, promote nitrogen absorption and transport in plant, increase protein content and yield, and ultimately increased yield, improve water use efficiency and nitrogen efficiency, achieve efficient production and when nitrogen application 180 kg/hm2 has better effect.3 The study of whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat with phosphate fertilizerAfter deep scarification in fallow period,0-300 cm soil water storage from wintering to booting stage was increased, while soil water storage from anthesis to maturity was decreased,60-300 cm soil layer water reduction amount from jointing to anthesis was increased and water use efficiency was increased by 2.0%-5.1 %, spike number and grain number of per spike were increased, so yield was increased. Nitrogen accumulation amount at different growth stages and between different stages, the ratio of nitrogen accumulation amount from sowing to jointing and total accumulation, NTBA and it’s contribution to N in grains, NAAA, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen production efficiency were increased. Albumin, globulin, gluten, protein content and yield were increased. The activities of GS and GOGAT in flag leafs 5-30 d after anthesis were significantly increased.With application of phosphate 150 kg/km2 under the condition of deep scarification and CK in fallow period,0-300 cm water storage capacity from wintering to booting satge was increased, water reduction amount of 0-120 cm soil layers from wintering to jointing,0-300 cm soil layers form jointing to anthesis and 180-300 cm soil layers from anthesis to maturity were increased and the water use efficiency was finally increased. Spike number, grain number per spike and production was increased. Nitrogen accumulation amount in different stages, nitrogen accumulation amount from sowing to jointing and it’s ratio, nitrogen accumulation amount from jointing to anthesis and anthesis to maturity and it’s ratio, NTBA, NAAA, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen production efficiency were increased. Protein and its component content, protein yield, the ratio of gluten and gliadin were increased. The activities of GS and GOGAT in flag leafs 5-30 d after anthesis were increased. The effect of application 150 kg/km2 phosphate fertilizer under the condition of deep scarification in fallow period was better.In a word, whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat supported phosphate fertilizer was conducive to collect soil water moisture, improve soil water storage, promote to absorb deep soil water, improve water use efficiency. It was conducive to the nitrogen absorption and accumulation, improve nitrogen efficiency and improve spike and grain number, thus increase yield. It helped to improve protein content and the ratio of gluten and gliadin, to achieve high yield and high quality, and with the application of. phosphate fertilizer 150 kg/km2 was better.4 The study of whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat with fertilizer N and P applicationUnder the condition of deep scarification in fallow period, Increasing the amount of nitrogen, soil water storage of the 0-300 cm layer from wintering stage to booting stage was significantly improved, water use efficiency was improved 0.18%-13.22%, soil water reduce amount at 0-60 cm layer during wintering stage to elongation stage and 120-180 cm layer during elongation stage to anthesis was improved under the condition of phosphorus application amount was 75 kg/hm2 and 150 kg/hm2; Yield was increased since the increasing of 1000-grains weight and spike number; The plant nitrogen accumulation at different growth stages, nitrogen accumulation and its percentage during elongation stage to anthesis and during anthesis to maturity, nitrogen transfer in after-anthesis and its contribution rate to grain, the nitrogen uptake efficiency and production efficiency were improved; Improved soluble sugar, sucrose, starch content, protein and its component content、glu/gli ratio、yield of protein; Icreased the GS, GOGAT activity of flag leaf 5-30 d after anthesis under the condition of phosphorus application amount was 150 kg/hm2 and 225 kg/hm2, Increased the grain GS activity 10-30 d after anthesis, the grain GOGAT activity 15-30 d after anthesis.The soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm from wintering to booting stage was increased and the soil water reduce amount at 0-180 cm layer during elongation stage to anthesis was increased under the condition of the nitrogen application amount was 150 kg/hm2 or 180 kg/hm2 and the phosphorus application amount was 150 kg/hm2; Yield was increased since the increasing of spike number and spike grain number; The plant nitrogen accumulation at different growth stages, nitrogen accumulation during elongation stage to anthesis and anthesis to maturity, nitrogen transformation pre-anthesis, nitrogen accumulation after anthesis, the nitrogen uptake efficiency and production efficiency were improved; Improved soluble sugar, sucrose, starch, protein and its component content、glu/gli ratio、yield of protein; Icreased the GS, GOGAT activity of flag leaf 5-30 d after anthesis and the grain GS, GOGAT activity, and applying nitrogen 180 kg-hm2 with phosphorus application 150 kg/hm2 had better effect.Overall, the application of nitrogen and phosphorus was helpful to accumulate soil moisture based on the annual soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat, promoting the plant uptaked deep soil water, improved water use efficiency; conducived to plant nitrogen uptake and accumulation, improved nitrogen use efficiency; helpful to improve spike and grain weight, optimizing yield components; helpful to improve the starch, protein content and glu/gli ratio, improved protein quality, and ultimately achieved high yield, high quality and high efficiency production applying nitrogen 180 kg-hm2 with phosphorus application 150 kg/hm2 had better effect.5 The study of whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat with sowing date and densityWith the sowing date delayed, appropriately increased sowing amount can increase soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm and the water use efficiency; the number of total stem from booting stage to maturity, leaf area per plant from jointing stage to anthesis, plant height from jointing stage to maturity, ear length and fertility spikelet at maturity were increased; the nitrogen accumulation amount of plant at different growth stages, the nitrogen absorption efficiency and the nitrogen production efficient were increased; spike number and 1000-grains weight wrer increased, thus the grain yield was increased.The soil water storage at the depth of 0-300 cm at different growth stages and water use efficiency, plant height from jointing stage to maturity, leaf area per plant from jointing stage to maturity, the grain yield, the nitrogen absorption efficiency and the nitrogen production efficient were better in the A2 treatment and sowing date on October 1. The plant height and leaf area per plant at wintering stage were better in the Al treatment and sowing date on September 20; ear number was better in the A3 treatment and sowing date on October 10. The nitrogen use efficient was better in the A3 treatment and sowing date on October 1, nitrogen harvest index was better in the A2 treatment and sowing date on October 10.In short, choosing suitable sowing date and amount on the base of keeping moisture throughout year about dryland wheat helped in collecting natural rainfall up to the hilt, enhancing the moisture storage level, promoting crop growth, transporting photosynthetic product to grains, thus achieved high yield. It also helped in enhancing water use efficiency and nitrogen efficiency and achieving high yield and efficiency and the effect was better in the sowing amount of 90 kg/hm2 and sowing on October 1.In summary, whole year soil water moisture conservation technology in dryland wheat with Nitrogen application was 180 kg/hm2 and phosphate application was 150 kg/hm2, sowing on October 1 and density is 90 kg/hm2 can efficiently utilize fallow periods and precipitation in different period, can maximize accumulate natural precipitation to soil, improve water use efficiency, optimize yield components, improve grain yield, and promote protein accumulation, increase protein content and Glu/Gli, and ultimately achieve high yield, high quality, high efficient production, and therefore it is suitable for dryland wheat in Shanxi and is the best cultivation technology mode. |
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