Comprehensively Analysis And Evaluation Of Golf Landscape In Haikou

Hainan island, located on the edge of tropical zone, is a rare tropical island in China. Hainan island, endowed with its unique climate condition and natural environment, has become a famous tourism resort, enjoying high prestige at home and abroad. With the construction of Hainan international tourism destination, golf industry has developed rapidly, which, actually, has become an integral part of Hainan tourism industry. With characteristic tourism as a forerunner, relying on its medium advantage, golf industry has played a vital role in the aspects of regional economic development, social progress and improvement of the ecological environment.Haikou city is not only the capital city of Hainan province and tourist resort, but also is a birthplace of Hainan golf tourism. So, the history and number of golf courses in Haikou city are at the top of the province. More importantly, Haikou area has a volcanic plant landscape, a most unique landscape in golf landscaping. Therefore, the study on golf landscapes in Haikou area is of great significance for the construction and development of golf landscaping in Hainan province and even the whole tropical area as well.This study, based on the construction of Hainan international tourism destination and the great potential of golf industry in Hainan, starting from the academic and theoretical study of golf course construction and development, together with related discipline theories, selects three representative golf courses of plain type in Haikou volcano area (Three-Kilometer International Golf Course, Moon Bay Golf Course and Dongshan Golf Course) as research objects. To begin with, field observation and sampling and data collection are employed to analyze the internal factors of biological community, landscape layout, landscaping technique, and the degree of scenic beauty in the construction and planning of golf course. And then, a digital model is established to analyze its internal connection. Finally, an integrated approach, which includes Analytic Hierarchy Process, expert consultation and Fuzzy Mathematics, is applied to evaluate its intrinsic quality. Through these analyses, the study comes up with some new findings and draws conclusions as follows.1、With the analysis of biodiversity, it is discovered that the richness of species diversity of golf course displays the regular pattern of its construction time. The newly-constructed courses usually enjoy much more abundant species, but the overall species richness is still far below the general standard of urban greening. Artificial phenomena in the golf course plant species are prevailing, which can be detected in around75%of shrub species in the Three-Kilometer International Golf Course. This tendency can be found in95.83%of the arbor in Moon Bay Golf Course. The artificial phenomena in Dongshan Golf Course are relatively serious, with46.88%in shrub species and43.75%in arbor species respectively. The course community types are not more than7, displaying simple structure and high degree of similarity. Among the arbor shrub grass community, Coconut (or Casuarina)—Lantana camara—Wedelia chinensis is established as the most stable community structure, signaling obvious plant invasion.The layout of each golf course bears evident marks of the passing ages. With time passing by, the construction of golf course has been witnessing the improvements in the diversity and stability of its landscape structure. The landscape structure of each course lays its emphasis on different respects. Take three golf courses mentioned above for example, Three-Kilometer International Golf Course puts great emphasis on combination and coordination of entertainment and ornament. As a course built not long before, most of its landscape plants are those newly transplanted or planted ones, resulting in the imperfectness in landscape materials. Moon Bay Golf Course places great importance on the ornament, but the overall consistency of the landscape is poor. Dongshan Golf Course attaches importance to the overall landscape. Yet, the diversity of its landscape elements is comparably few, which may lead to aesthetic fatigue.2、Through evaluation, field observation, and comparison of the landscaping techniques, it is discovered that these three golf courses basically follow the artistic principles of golf course garden landscaping in their plant landscaping. In terms of the application of landscaping techniques, Three-Kilometer International Golf Course separates its space and coordinates landscaping elements by means of view-blocking, major view and subordinate view. Moon Bay Golf Course highlights the landscape effects on the small-size space through the group-planting and cluster-planting. Dongshan Golf Course mainly relies on the row-planting and single-planting to exhibit the vastness of its space. In brief, in the landscaping, each course lays more emphasis on the visual effect than their inner-charm and less cultural and regional characteristics can be found through the selection and matching of plants.3、Through the scenic beauty evaluation and analysis on the pictures of the course, the figures of different groups’evaluations on golf course are worked out. The findings shed some light on the phenomena. To begin with, the stability of the evaluation figures correlates with the complexity of the landscaping elements in the course. To be exact, the higher the complexity of the landscaping elements is, the lower the stability of the evaluation result is. What’s more, under the same evaluation criteria, there is no significant difference in the figures among different groups with various cognitive levels. This is basically consistent with the rule that evaluation score is in inverse proportion to cognitive level. Finally, there are also no significant differences on evaluation figures of each functional area, and the fluctuation of the evaluation figure is caused by the variety and complexity of the landscaping elements. The tendency is that photos containing the richest variety of landscaping elements receive highest score. Meanwhile, the photos scored highest are those with vegetation elements, followed by those with water, those with rockery and those with lawn.4、By analyzing the landscape structure, the patch types and characteristics in these three golf courses are found to be in accordance with the general feature of golf course layout. Lawn dominates landscape patches. The artificial forest and mixed forest patch characteristics vary with the lawn patches. The virgin forest community is reserved, but the locations and sizes of its community type in the three golf courses are different. The virgin forest in the Three-Kilometer International Golf Course is intact, distributing inside and around the course. Most of the virgin forest in Moon Bay Golf Course is retained, but the size of a single patch is small, and they disperse inside the course. In Dongshan Golf Course, the total area and patch number of virgin forest are small, mainly spreading outside the course.5、Based on the analysis of the related factors and resorting to the Fuzzy Hierarchy Comprehensive Evaluation, the thesis establishes a comprehensive evaluation system for the study on the relationship between golf course garden landscaping and the four related factors, namely, biological diversity, landscape structure, landscaping technique, and degree of scenic beauty. Factor weight calculation demonstrates that the order of these four factors is as follows:biological diversity (0.4995), landscaping technique (0.2885), landscape structure (0.1465), and degree of scenic beauty (0.0655), with biological diversity taking the largest proportion, more than one half. The analysis of the factor layer also shows that each of the three golf courses boasts its own characteristics. To put it into details, Three-Kilometer International Golf Course is outstanding in all indexes; Moon Bay Golf Course is excellent in degree of scenic beauty but comparably weak in landscape structure; Dongshan Golf course, on the other hand, scores high in landscape structure but low in degree of scenic beauty. The comprehensive evaluation indicates that the landscaping of these three golf courses achieve overall good effects. To be exact, Three-Kilometer International Golf Course is better than Moon Bay Golf Course, and Moon Bay Golf Course better than Dongshan Golf Course.