Urban Physical Acitivity And Health Related Human Environment Construction

Physical activity and health related human environment construction is the response to the Promgram of National Environment and Health Action to meet the urban development goal and the constitution health of people of Shanghai during urbanization.900 participants aged 45-80 of 13 communities of three districts were selected from urban centers, sub-civic centers and suburbs of Shanghai during April-October 2009. The dependent variables included physical activity measured by pedometer, body mass index (BMI) and overweight/obesity with objective anthropometric measures, weight-related health outcomes measured by self-reports in individual-level. The independent variables at the neighborhood level involved GIS-derived measure of street connectivity, availability of facilities, road areas, green and open spaces, net residential density, land-use mix, residential style. Physical activity, health status and human environment were taken as the surey objects to collect the data.For the first time to probe physical activity and health related human environment in China, the theoretical framework was given firstly to provide guidance to the research. The classification, definition, constituted elements, connotation and nature of physical activity and health related human environment were also definited.To construct the index system is the premise for realizing urban human environment goal. With the combination of theoretical analysis and frequence analysis method, through analyzing the connotation and relationship between physical activity-health and human environment, the high frequence used index from abroad literatures about the field in four development stages were induced. Meanwhile, refering to the mature tools scale of abroad with the index construction principle and combining the research goal and practicability, the index system about physical activity-health related human environment was constructed.Reliability and validity will influence the measure power of a tool. The reliability of questionquaire were verified with the Crobach’s a method and Corrected Item-Total Correction method. With the Structural Equation Model, the validity of the total index system was verified. The result showed, the questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and the questionnaire is fitable to survey physical activity-health related human environment in southern city of China.With the Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling, the result showed:(1) One unit (10%) increase of street connectivity was positively associated with 22% steps increase of PA. The steps in the district where the street connectivity are above the average value are more 5 steps than in those below the the average value. One unit increase of accessibility of river was inversly related with 18% steps PA. While the accessibility of park and square has both significant relationship with PA. The river and square distance are in above the average value district are less 21 and 39 steps than those below the value. The steps are less 38 with maximum park distance than with minimum. One unit (10%) increase of road areas has inverse decrease relationship with 25% steps. One unit net residential density only has inverse relationship with 27% steps PA. One unit land-use mix was positively associated with 12% steps PA, inversely associated with 19% units BMI and 49% units overweight/obesity. The net residential density in district with the maximum value is more 771 steps than with minimum value. It is more 144 steps the net residential density are above the average value than below. (2) One unit (10%) decrease of distance of square and garden, BMI will increase 10% and 6% units respectively. One unit increase of land use mix, BMI will increase 12% units. One unit decrease of green areas per capita, BMI will increase 12% units. The inflence of village, old-style residence and new-style residence on BMI are gradually increasing. (3) One unit (10%) decrease of river, garden and square distance, the overweight and obesity will increase 14%,18%and 19% units respectively. One unit increase of land use mix, the overweight and obesity will decrease 49% units. The overweight and obesity rate in village and old-style residence will fewer than in new-style residence. (4) One unit (10%) increase of green and open spaces positively related with 12% units BMI and 12% units health status. (5)The direct effect of accessibility of square is much stronger than its indirect effect on BMI through PA. Conclusion:The Findings can help planners build more pedestrian-friendly communities. It is also useful for creating interventions that are sensitive to possible environmental barriers to PA in old people.To probe the relationship between physical activity and perceived environment with Grey Correlation method, the factors influenced physical activity were ranked:Body-building club, traffic safety, street design, ground surface, crossing the street and activity environment are the largest six factors affecting physical activities. The order of comprehensive evaluation of the three districts is:LuWan, YangPu and MinHang. The order of 13 communities is:N3>N2>N4>N10>N9 >N11>N7>N6>N5>N8>N1>N12>N13. Conclusion:the urban center environment is most appropriate for physical activity, sub-civil center comes second and suburb is the last. The urban environment is most appropriate for physical activity, sub-civil center comes second and suburb is the last. The result is logical and it proved the gray correlation analysis is an effective method to study the relationship between physical activity and environment. The factual environment evaluation outcome is not consistant with the perceived environment evaluation.To construction structural equation model (SEM) for the physical activity-health and human environment, one result of the path picture showed the relationship between physical activity-health and human environment clearly. Meanwhile, the following hypothesises except H3 were verified through SEM. H1:It has positive relationship between perceived environment and objective environment. H2:The objective environment has positive influence on health status. H3: The perceived environment has positive influence on health status. H4～H5:The perceived environment will influence the physical activity. H6:The objective environment will influence the physical activity. H7:Physical activity is the mediating variable between human environment and health. Through analyzing the human environment factors’ importance, the influencing sequence of objective environment factors is:accessibility, ecological planning, building environment. The influencing sequence of perceived environment factors is: traffic environment, environment safety, accessibility of land, natural and ecological environment, resident environment, environment design and environment pollution source. The simultaneous equations were given at last.Suggestions and measures about nature and ecological environment, green space, environmental sanitation, ecological planning, perceived environment, traffic environment, landscape and environment design, environment safety and so on were put forward to provide reference for construction of physical activity and health related human environment.