Preparation, Characterization And Detection Of The Ammoniated Lignin Diesel

Energy crisis has always been the focus of all over the world, including a substantial reduction of the fossil fuels and the excessive dependence of people on fossil fuels are problems to be solved. And with the continuous development of papermaking industry, paper making black liquor became the processing problem of paper industry, which is difficult to break through. Large amounts of lignin was discharged with papermaking effluent is not only environmental pollution but also a kind of waste of resources. Experimental studies found that lignin is similar to the energy density of the diesel, what can be used as a substitute for diesel oil in order to achieve the recycling, save resources and reduce the emission. In this paper, based on the above thought we will extract lignin from papermaking black liquor then make lignin result in ammoniation reaction before adopting micro emulsion technology and mix ammoniated lignin with diesel oil to get stable ammoniated lignin diesel oil. And for the physical and chemical indicators, use safety and dynamical performance of this ammoniated lignin diesel conducted a comprehensive system of detection. In this paper we get a new method and a new utilization for forestry biomass and biomass energy. The main conclusions are as follows:1. In this paper, through a detailed experiment achieved the optimal experimental conditions for extracting lignin from papermaking black liquor:acid separate out temperature was80℃, acid separate out time was50min, acetic acid addition amount was16%times of solids in the black liquor quality (black liquor solids content was30%). After the optimum experiment conditions for the preparation of pure lignin, we used factorial analysis design method to design the ammoniation reaction experimental process. Three factors as variables were examined in the ammoniation reaction:A (Temperature)55-85℃, B (Time)30-60min, C (Ammonium hydroxide)1.8-2.4times. The optimum conditions of ammoniated lignin preparation was:the amount of distilled water was10times of lignin, the speed of paddle stirrer under the condition of constant, the reaction temperature was65℃, reaction time was40min, ammonium hydroxide was1.8times. Ammonium hydroxide was slowly added in by four times each time interval for5mins.2. We has carried on the physical and chemical properties detection for alkali lignin, the lignin and ammoniated lignin include of Na content, TG, DSC and X-ray. At the same time we also carried a detection of FTIR for the lignin and ammoniated lignin to determine its chemical properties have not been changed The Na content shown that Na content of lignin and ammoniated lignin were both very small what will not result in a diesel engine risk of carbon deposit. The detection of TG、DSC、X-ray shown that Ammonium lignin is a kind of lignin derivatives, which was easily soluble in water. Solve the long-term using engine carbon deposit problem of alkali lignin. The test proved the necessity of ammoniated lignin as a diesel substitute.3. This paper mixed ammoniated lignin and diesel together with a micro-emulsion technology to get the achieve purpose of reduce emissions. This paper used the orthogonal experiment analysis design method by SPSS experimental design software to optimization experiment. And we examined the HLB value, dosage of emulsifier and dosage of co-emulsifier, three important influence factors of micro-emulsion. The influence factors of the micro-emulsion were set in8.3-9.3,4-6%,0.8-1.6%. According to the Layered score obtained the optimal experimental design. And with range analysis and variance analysis of9preliminary experiment data finally obtained the optimal preparation conditions of the micro-emulsification experiment:HLB was9.3, dosage of emulsifier was6%, dosage of co-emulsifier was1.6%. At the same time, stability test are carried out using a year, it shown that stability of ammoniated lignin diesel prepared by the optimal conditions is very good, it was also stable in one year.4. The experiment adopted GB252-252light diesel testing standards. In this paper, we tested physical and chemical properties of the ammoniated lignin diesel including cetane value, chromaticity, oxidation stability, etc. And we made comparison with similar studies of alkali lignin diesel. Above the physical and chemical properties testing that compared with alkali lignin diesel, the ammoniated lignin diesel had less moisture content and good stability in storage and transportation, good liquidity in diesel engines and good the combustion performance it was not easy to produce risk.5. This paper has carried on the vehicle experiment and free accelerate emission test of ammoniated lignin diesel. Vehicle experiment compared with consumed of0#diesel oil and ammoniated lignin diesel in100km in different speed. Calculate the pure diesel fuel according to the79%pure diesel content in ammoniated lignin diesel consumed by the data showed that ammoniated lignin diesel save more diesel in driving cases compared with0#diesel fuel.0-75km/h full throttle accelerate experiment through three sets of75km distance between experimental proof that pure diesel fuel save rate of the ammoniated lignin diesel can reach21%, which compared with0#diesel oil.400m distance full throttle accelerating from static state test results also shown the same conclusion. While emissions testing also shows that ammoniated lignin diesel had less exhaust than commercial diesel so it was helpful for the improvement of the environment pollution..6. After the300hours durability experiment every parts of diesel engine was not peeling, ablation, fracture and the abnormal phenomenon such as binder. Engine combustion chamber using of ammoniated lignin diesel of the amount of wear parts and piston ring tension compared with commercial diesel had no significant difference. Thus system comprehensive tested the using condition and influence on diesel engine of ammoniated lignin diesel, long time using won’t affect the engine. Ammoniated lignin diesel can be widely used as a new type of fuel on account of energy conservation and environmental protection.