Study On The Structural Abatement Of Pollutants Of Qingdao Based On The Total Pollutant Load Control

Industrial structure plays an important role in the quality of economic growth aswell as in determining the level of environmental pollution. In Qingdao, pollutantsfrom industry, agriculture and household have been greatly increased with the rapideconomic development and the fast increasing population. Moreover, the industrialstructures are not reasonable. Coastal eco-environmental quality is deteriorating withthe high pollutant emissions. As a result, it is difficult to accomplish the sustainabledevelopment in the current industrial structure. Thus, extensive researches on thestructure optimization with the environmental control and management are necessaryto achieve the coordination of economic development and the environmentalregulation.The present research focuses on the structure optimization and the improvement ofmarine ecology. After evaluating different industries’ environmentalpollution-economic benefit impact, an access standard on pollution intensities ofindustries of Qingdao was established. And then, the allocated capacity of HouseholdGroup, Agriculture Group, Industry Group and Service Group in Qingdao wasestimated and some suggestions on the structure optimization of Qingdao wereproposed based on the calculated results. The main results are as follows.1. The pollution intensity and pollution structure of Household Group, AgricultureGroup, Industry Group and Service Group in Qingdao was evaluated.(1) The pollution intensity of Household Group, Agriculture Group, IndustryGroup and Service Group in Qingdao was evaluated by a single proxy derived fromchemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen and total phosphate. The results showthat pollution intensity of Service Group and Household Group is9.9%and54.5%higher than the national average value. Of the Household Goup, pollution intensity ofthe Urban Household Cluster is17.5%higher than the national average value. Of theService Group, pollution intensity of the Personal Service Cluster, the Social ServiceCluster, the Circulation Service Cluster and the Productive Service Cluster is1.4%, 61.2%,37.8%and41.0%higher than the national average value respectively. Thepollution intensity of the Agriculture and Industry Groups is lower than the nation’saverage value. Of the Agriculture Group, the pollution intensity of planting Class is12.8%higher than the national average value. Of the Industry Group, the pollutionintensity of Electricity, Gas and Water Production and Supply Sector is158.8%higherthan the national average value.(2) The pollution structure of Household Group, Agriculture Group, IndustryGroup and Service Group in Qingdao was also evaluated based on the Gini coefficient.It is showed that the Gini coefficients of Household Group and Agriculture Group are0.12and0.32respectively, which are lower than the value of0.40, the warning line ofGini coefficient. This indicates the Household Group and Agriculture Group’spollution instucture is basically balanced. The Gini coefficients of Industry Group andService Group are0.69and0.96respectively, which are higher than the value of0.40.Furthermore, The Gini coefficients of Mannufacturing Sector in the Industry Groupand of Personal Service Cluster and the Social Service Cluster in the Service Groupare higher than the value of0.40. This indicates the serious controdictionary ofbenefits and pollution of within the Industry group and Service Group.2. An access standard on pollution intensities of industries of Household Group,Agriculture Group, Industry Group and Service Group of Qingdao was established.(1) First, based on the data set of COD pollution intensity from the first census ofpollution sources in Qingdao City, a5rank-11level industrial access standard isconstructed with the methods of data screening, the initial level of pollutionidentification, cluster analysis, standard classification, pollution level matching andstandard vertification. The five ranks are rankⅠ(super low rank, ICOD≤0.1kilogramper10thousand yuan), rank Ⅱ(low rank,0.1kilogram per10thousand yuan <ICOD≤1kilogram per10thousand yuan), rank Ⅲ (middle rank，1kilogram per10thousand yuan <ICOD≤10kilogram per10thousand yuan), rank Ⅳ (high rank，10kilogram per10thousand yuan <ICOD≤100kilogram per10thousand yuan) and rankⅤ (super high rank，ICOD>100kilogram per10thousand yuan). Second, thepollution intensities of the Household Group, Agriculture Group and Service Groupare matched with the industrial access standard. Finally, a5rank-11level accessstandard of all industries is established. Based on the pollution intensity value, the acess standard is verified and evaluated by four indexies, that is the ratio of thestandard deviation between ranks relative to the standard deviation inside every rank,the ratio of the the pollution intensity accounted relative to the pollution intensityreferenced, the proportion of the number of industries covered by the access standardand the matching degree. The results show that the access standard is scientific,advanced, generally applicable and operable.(2) According to the matching degree of the pollution intensities of HouseholdGroup, Agriculture Group and Service Group with the industrial access standard, thewhole Agriculture Group is in rank Ⅴ, of which the PlantingClass and the LivestockFarming Class is in rank Ⅴ, and the FisheryClass is in rank Ⅲ. The whole IndustryGroup is in rank Ⅲ, of which, the Construction Sctor and the Electricity, Gas andWater Production and Supply Sector are in rankⅠand rank Ⅱrepectively, and theMining Sector and Manufacturing Sector are both in rank Ⅲ. The whole ServiceGroup is in rank Ⅲ, of which the Personal Service Cluster is in rank Ⅳ, the SocialService Cluster is in rank Ⅱand the Circulation Services Cluster and ProductionService Cluster are in rank Ⅰ.3. Taking2007as the base year, the allocated COD capacity of Household Group,Agriculture Group, Industry Group and Service Group of Qingdao, in2015and2020,was calculated. Based on the results, an industry development plan also wasproposed..(1) Aimed at the maximum amount of the allocated COD capacity of HouseholdGroup, Agriculture Group, Industry Group and Service Group of Qingdao, taking2007as the base year and2015and2020as the targe year, taking the allocated CODcapacity of three sewage management districts corresponding to three waters ofQingdao (including Jiaozhou Bay, Laizhou Bay and Yellow Sea), the pollutionintensity, gross domestic production, population and Gini coefficient as restrictions,using the single objective nonlinear programming method, allocated COD capacity ofAgriculture Group, Industry Group, Service Group and Household Group and theallocated COD capacity of every rank of access standard of different Groups arecalculated in two steps. The results indicate that the total allocated COD capacity offour Groups in2015and2020is62%and84%more than that in2007respectively.The percent of allocated COD capacity of Household Group and Agriculture Group is decreased, while the percent of allocated COD capacity of Industry Group and ServiceGroup is increased. Meanwhile, from2007to2020, the percent of allocated CODcapacity of three sewage management districts is increased gradually, which indicatesthat the utilization rate of allocated COD capacity of three sewage managementdistricts is also increased. On the other side, the percent of allocated COD capacity ofJiaozhou Bay sewage management district has a gradual decreasing trend, while thepercent of allocated COD capacity of Laizhou Bay sewage management district andYellow Sea sewage management district has a gradual increasing trend, whichindicates the proportion of allocated capacity of three sewage management districts ismore and more balanced and reasonable. In addition, from2007to2020, the allocatedCOD capacity of every rank of the access standard of Household Group, AgricultureGroup, Industry Group and Service Group have a trend that the proportion ofallocated COD capacity and added value of groups which are in the high rank ofaccess standard is decresing and the proportion of allocated COD capacity and addedvalue of groups which are in the low rank of access standard is increasing.(2) The results obtained through the model also indicate that the Gross Domesticproduction（GDP）of Qingdao in2015and2020is3.2and4.4times of that in2007respectively. And a trend that the proportion of added value of the primary industry isdecreasing, but the proportion of added value of the secondary industry and thetertiary industry is increasing is observed, which indicates that the industrial structureof Qingdao is turning from the feature that the Industry Group’s added value takes thelargest proportion of GDP to the feature that the Service group’s added value takes thelargest proportion of GDP. Meanwhile, after optimization by the model, the CODpollution intensity of some Groups, including Household Group and AgricultureGroup, whose COD pollution intensity is higher than that of otherGroups in the yearof2007is decreased in the targeted year of2015and2020. The COD pollutionintensity of other Groups, including Industry Group and Service Group, whose CODpollution intensity is lower than that of other Groups in the year of2007is increasedin the targeted year of2015and2020. Finally, the Gini coefficients of HouseholdGroup, Agriculture Group, Industry Group and Service Group of different sewagemanagement districts and the Gini coefficients of different groups in the5-rank accessstandard are lower than or close to the warning value of Gini coefficient (0.4). Thisalso indicates that the industrial structure of Qingdao is becoming more and more reasonable.(3) According to the results of pollution intensities comparation, pollutionstructures evaluation and structure optimization analysis of Household Group,Agriculture Group, Industry Group and Service Group, the followings are proposed:the Agriculture group should be optimized and improved, the Industry group need tobe expanded and the Service group should be promoted in a breakthrough way inQingdao. For the Agriculture Group, the ecological agriculture and the LivestockFarming’s expansion should be encouraged, while the Plantting Class and FisheryClass should be adjusted in the way of focusing on cutting down the amount ofpollutant. For the Industry Group, some conditional industries which are in the highrank of access standard should be limited or enen eliminated, while industries withhigh and new technology should be encouraged. For the Service Group, besidesimproving the sewage treatment rate of waste water from the Household Group andPersonal Service Cluster, Circulation Services Cluster and Production Service Clustershould be promoted.