| For camellia original species protection and actual production needs, we chose 12 kinds of representative camellias and 20 populations in southwest China’s Guizhou, Yunnan. At the regional scale, carried out research work emphatically on the pollinators’ function groups composition, main types, biological characteristics of pollination, characteristics of floral(colour, volatile, nectar) and the open style, the role and influence of pollinators, etc.. The selected camellia species contained large populations of important economic value and endangered small populations. Including 12 species such as oil species Camellia Oleifera Abel., C. grijsii Hamce, C. vietnamensis Huang, C. gigantocarpa Hu et Huang, ornamental and oil plants C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, C. pitardii Coh. Stuart, C. polyodonta How ex Hu, C.reticulata Lindl, ornamental species C. japonica L., C. liberofolmenta Chang et C. H. Yang, C. anlungensis Chang, C. sinensis. 20 of these species and their populations, located in 5 climatic zones in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, including south subtropical climate zone, the mid-subtropical climate zone, north subtropical and warm-temperate regions climate zones. Elevation range is from 170 m to 2400 m. The geological features includ low mountain hills, low mountain, the low mountain canyon, plateau mountain, covering the basic distribution habitats of camellia species in southwest area. The results of the study are as follows:1. The pollinators composition and geographical fauna of camelliasPollinators of the camellias are mainly composed of four functional groups, namely the bees, lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, belonging to Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. A total of 4 Ordoes, 29 Familias and 63 Genuses and 88 species(subspecies) of pollination insects of the camellias. Among them, 9 families and 38 species of Lepidoptera; 3 superfamilies 9 families and 25 species of Hymenoptera(5 families and 14 species of Apoidea, 4 families and 13 species of Vespoidea, 1 family and 1 specie of Ichneumonoidea); 6 families and 14 species of Diptera; 2 families and 5 species of Coleoptera.Hymenoptera pollinators participated in all camellias pollination, and dominated in C. Oleifera Abel., C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, C.reticulata Lindl, C. Nitidissima C. W. Chi, C. anlungensis Chang, C. japonica L.; Diptera pollinators also participated in the all camellias pollination, but it is mostly in a secondary position except C. Oleifera Abel. in Wangmo Youmai of and C. grijsii Hamce in Guiyang Tianechi. Lepidoptera pollinators involved in the part of the camellia species of pollination; Coleopterous pollinators visited only a few species such as C. Oleifera Abel.Main pollinator families of C. Oleifera Abel. includes Andrenidae, Apidae and Vespidae belonging to Hymenoptera; Syrphidae and Calliphoridae belonging to Diptera; Sphingidae, Papilionidae and Nymphalidae belonging to Lepidoptera. The proportion of these pollinators are separately: 29.44%, 25.90%, 21.52%, 9.66%, 4.60%, 2.49%, 1.66%, 0.99% and 0.84%.Main pollinator species of C. Oleifera Abel. includes Andrena camellia Wu, Apis cerana cerana Fabricius,Vespa velutina nigrithorax Buysson,Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius), Phytomia zonata(Fabricius,1787),Dolichovespula saxonica saxonica(Fabricius),Vespa ducalis Smith, Macroglossum stellatarum Linnaeus, Vespa mandarinia Smith, Eristalis cerealis Fabricius,S. pyrastri(Linnaeus). The proportion of these pollinators are separately: 5.01%, 4.52%,2.52%,0.79%,0.70%,0.47%,0.45%,0.44%,0.38%,0.36%,0.25%.Apis cerana cerana Fabricius are main pollinators of camellia that florescence in winter and spring such as C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, C. pitardii Coh.Stuart, C.reticulata Lindl, C. anlungensis Chang etc.In world geographical fauna composition,the camellia flower-visiting insects faunas have obvious tendency to Oriental realm and contain 5 kinds of distribution types. Cross distribution type is the main distribution type. Cosmopolitan species have obvious advantages. In Chinese geographical fauna composition,species distributed in Central China region is the dominant. There are 7 kinds of distribution types. Distribution types of cross areas have obvious advantages. Among 82 species of flower-visiting insects,22 species are new record species in Guizhou,accounting for 26.83%.Diversity analysis showed that the pollinators community of C. Oleifera Abel. have higher biodiversity. The Shannon-Wiener Index(H′) is 2.379, significantly higher than other camellias. Euclidean Similarity Index also shows that types and quantities of pollinators vary greatly between C. Oleifera Abel. and C. anlungensis Chang, C. nitidissima C. W. Chi, C.japonica L., C.reticulata Lindl, C. grijsii Hamce, C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean. And the index value of each other are more than 814.2. The pollination biological habits of Andrena camellia WuPopulations of Andrena camellia Wu vary greatly in the climate zone of north subtropical, mid-subtropical and south subtropical. Subtropical is the best climate area for the Andrena camellia Wu. North subtropical and South subtropical are edge areaes of its distribution. There is significant difference between elevation of 800 meters above and elevation of 800 meters below. The populations of Andrena camellia Wu are higher at elevation of 800 meters below. And also significantly related to ground cover and slope position. The upper slope, middle slope is higher than the lower, the area have more ground cover has less hives number.Typical Andrena camellia Wu presents the “double peak type” visiting flowers rhythms in process of flower visiting. The time, interval and number of A. camellia through the nest respectively is: out of the nest 3-4 times per day. The first time back to the nest is 10:22, the last time get out of the nest is 16:34. The average interval time between out and in the nest is 1.67±0.46 h(n=27) the shortest is 1.20 h, and the longest is 2.59 h. The average interval time between in and out the nest is 21.43±8.09 min(n=46), and the shortest is 11 min and the longest is 41 min.The structure of A. camellia pollen carrying leg is divided into two parts, the first part is a pollen brush formed by shank bone and dense whorls, relatively rigid, conical bristles from the first tarsi. The second part is pollen basket which form by external femur and the pinnate branch arc long hair of the end of swivel. Pollen are put into these two structures. Each A. camellia pollen carrying leg has 1.64±0.56 mg(n=10)and the amount are 9068±2364 pollen grain(n=42)。Each bee have take the average of 2036±860 pollen grain(n=25).3. Pollination biological habits of wasp12 species of wasps pollinate for camellia. Among them Vespidae and Vespinae are the largest classes, and they are a total of 8 species; one specie of Polybiinae(Parapolybia indica indica(Sussure)); one specie of Polistinae(Polistes jokahamae Radoszkowski); two species of Eumenidae. 12 kinds of pollinating wasps all visited flowers on C. Oleifera Abel.. V. velutina nigrihorax Buysson also pollinated for C. gigantocarpa Hu et Huang, C. vietnamensis Huang, C. sinensis, C. Nitidissima C. W. Chi and C. anlungensis Chang at the same time. V. velutina nigrihorax Buysson, V. mandarinia mandarinia Smith, V. tropica ducalis Smith, Dolichovespula saxonica(Fabricius)existed maximum occurrences in each region.In the region, pollination wasps existed maximum occurrences in central Guizhou area. Southwest Guizhou was the second region. In the experimental sites of southeast Guizhou, wasps found less.Vespa velutina nigrihorax Buysson, V. mandarinia mandarinia Smith Chest wasps, V. tropica ducalis Smith and Dolichovespula saxonica(Fabricius) are the main pollinators of camellias.4. The habit pollination of Apis cerana cerana FabriciusA. cerana pollinates for 12 kinds of camellias. C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, C. japonica L., C. reticulata Lindl., C. nitidissima C. W. Chi. and C. anlungensis Chang were all pollinated by it. The number of A. cerana visiting these camellia flower, the cumulative visit time, residence time in the flower and the index of cumulative residence time in a single flower were all higher than other pollinators.At plateau warm temperate climatic zone of the west of Guizhou, A. Cerana is dominant specie of pollinator insects. The cumulative residence time is accounting for 27.26% of all pollinator insects cumulative residence time.The structure of A. cerana pollen carrying leg is completely different from Andrena camellia. The pollen basket composition of A. cerana mainly formed by the tibia specialization. The outer surface of tibia specialized into a flat and sag to form the bottom of pollen basket. A neat row of thick hair on the edge of the tibia forms the pollen basket border. Secretion of saliva, collected pollen and nectar mixed to form an adhesive careful pollen ball. It mounted in the pollen basket, and the pollen ball firmly attached. In comparison, pollen basket structure of Andrena camellia is more primitive, and pollen looser in the pollen basket. The first tarsus of bees is further specialized and become antenna-cleaner, which is a special clean-up and decontamination tools for antennae.When A. cerana pollinate on C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, the amount of powder load of each corbiculate leg is 4.15 ± 0.85 mg(n = 8), and the pollen count is 11496 ± 1871 pollen grain/ mg(n = 8).5. The pollination biological habits of several flower-visiting insects of Lepidoptera and DipteraMacroglossum stellatarum Linnaeus, Kaniska canace(Linnaeus, 1763), Hypolimnas bolina(Linnaeus), Graphium sarpedon(Linnaeus, 1758), Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius), Phytomia zonata(Fabricius, 1787) and Bibionidae are some special pollination insects for camellia, which were rarely reported in the past. These insects mostly present discontinuous pollination rhythm. Macroglossum stellatarum Linnaeus is the only flower-visiting insect that use hover way to pollinate. This pattern is same as hummingbirds, and have a relatively high visiting frequency.Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius) is an important pollinator for camellia. It pollinates for many camellias such as C. Oleifera Abel., C. reticulata Lindl, C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, C. anlungensis Chang, C. grijsii Hamce, C.sinensis L., C. gigantocarpa Hu et Huang, C. vietnamensis Huang and C. nitidissima C. W. Chi.Phytomia zonata(Fabricius, 1787) is one of the dominant flower-visiting insects on Macroglossum stellatarum Linnaeus. It hover widely distributs in four climate types area, from 349 m to 2050 m elevation range and on the 16 ordinary tea populations.A pollinater of Bibionidae have a high flower-visiting frequency at the end-flower stage of C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean. The cumulative residence time of the pollinater account for 98.61% of total residence time of all pollinators proportion on the C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean. The pollinater of Bibionidae is the absolute dominant species, and its strength of pollination is significantly higher than other pollinators. Number of effective carrying pollen: 700.40 ± 229.63 pollen grain(n = 5).6. The volatiles of 12 kinds camelliasWe analyzed volatiles and relative contents of 12 kinds camellias and flowers in Guizhou and Yunnan. 237 kinds of volatile compounds were separated and identified, accounting for 99.58% of the total volatile compound types. There were 8 compounds mainly including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, terpenes, alkanes, acids and other classes etc.. Volatiles species of C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean was the most(88 species), and C.liberofolmenta Chang et C.H.Yang was the least(41 species). 51 types of compounds were common for most of the plants in 12 species. Among them, compounds shared by all were 5 species; compounds shared by 90% of the total were 8 species; compounds shared by 80% of the total were 10 species. compounds shared by 70% of the total were 10 species; compounds shared by 50% of the total were 18 species; Less than 50% of the total were 100 species. There are 86 kinds of compounds were unique for each species. Classified analysis showed that the highest percentage was alcohols, accounting for 29.87%; Terpenes followed by, accounting for 27.79%; Esters were third, accounting for 22.48%. The highest relative content in compounds was L-linalool, relative content was 75.94%; Followed by(Z)-3-hexene ester, accounting for 42.48%; The third was heptane- 2- ketone, accounting for 31.67%; The fourth were(Z)- 3-hexene- 1- and(S)- 2- heptanol, accounting for 23.79% and 23.79% respectively.7. Pollination birds of camellias9 species of pollination birds from 7 genera in 7 families were found on three plant species of Theaceae, i.e., Camellia oleifera Abel., Camellia riticulata Lindl.and Polyspora longicarpa(H.T.Chang) C.X.Ye, in Guiyang, Ceheng, Wangmo, Guizhou province and in Tengchong, Yunnan province. Southwest China has long been considered the differentiation center and biodiversity center of birds and Theaceae in Oriental, but so many pollinating birds concentrated on plant of Theaceae visiting flowers, especially some medium-sized birds, such as Bulbul, leaves Bulbul capuchin Branch, Corvidae were very rare. Further studies showed that three kinds of plants pollinated birds are a suite of short-billed birds that are occasional nectarivores. Pollination syndrome exhibits on the generalized bird pollinators adaptation. Theaceae pollination system consists of insect pollination and bird pollination, and two systems constitute mosaic. |
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