| The object of this study is the employment and management of land-lost personnel who lived in suburban areas once but now move into the cities in association with the urbanization and the land expropriation. In the contemporary world, urbanization is the driving force of economic and social development, as well as a major means of modernization. Especially in China, the rapid process of urbanization makes a large number of suburban farmers lose their land, move into cities and engage in non-agricultural industries. As a result, they need to rebuild the production system and life system in the cities. However, it is not easy for them to reconstruct the production system and find a new job, as China is experiencing the special period of meeting for urban laid-off workers, rural surplus labor and new labor force and the need for employment is severe. As most suburban farmers are not ready for new jobs due to the passivity and urgency of land losing, the loss of land means unemployment for them. Moreover, because social security and welfare systems are not well developed in China, the loss of land means a crisis of living. It gives rise to a serious problem for land-expropriating-people who want to be a farmer but without land, want to be a worker but without position and need social insurance but without possibility. Therefore, what the land-expropriating-people really need is not only the change of identity from farmers to urban settlers, but securing a job postion in the cities.Based on a comprehensive review of data and literatures(including appendix(1,2,3,4,5), it is safe to conclude that the employment and management of land-lost personnel in non-agriculture economic Sectors is not only an economic but also a social problem, not only related to the original areas but also the country as a whole, not only a micro but also a macro issue. To deal with this problem, efforts should be made not only by the the land-lost personnel themselves, but also by the local and central government with well-designed policies and long-term strategies. For this general objective, this study is to build a theoretical model to deal with this problem and in practice to motivate all kinds of resources to achieve non-agricultural employment of land-lost personnel, which is important for the future development of the urbanization and economic and social development of China.This study is based on a macro perspective and focuses on a micro subject: (1) it starts with an analysis of the practice in resettling land-lost personnel in the cities; and presents a argument that non-agricultural employment for land-lost personnel is the core of resettlement; (2) it follows to analyze the practice of non-agricultural employment for land-lost personnel and suggest a theoretical framework for the non-agricultural employment system for land-lost personnel; (3) it analyzes the troubles and developing trends in practice and then suggests the operation and macro-integration of the non-agricultural employment system.Based on the introduction of the research objectives, research background, literature review and research design, this study focuses on four main problems as the following: (1) The analysis of the land-expropriating-people's resettlement status. It is the foundation for this study. Because this problem has not received enough attention, the problem of the land-expropriating-people's unemployment becomes more serious. It is therefore important to analyze the problme in a systematic way. (2) The general framework for non-agricultural employment for the land-expropriating-people. It is a general summary and refining to employment practice. The framework is named the "Five-Star Model", including five means: namely community management and services, employment training, the collective economy development, local economy development to the land-expropriating-people's pioneering. (3) The non-agricultural employment mechanism operation and management: it is a discussion about the second issue (the "Five-Star Model"). Based on analysis to the five means in practice, this study explores the innovation and optimization of every means, in order to make them more effective and efficient and help different regions in this country to choose a more appropriate means according to their own situation. (4) The government's employment promotion management; it is a theoretical analysis of the main agent responsible for the employment promotion. Because of the lack of the management mechanism, the enterprise (specially the occupying-land-enterprise), should be main agent of the employment promotion while actually does not fulfill the responsibility. Therefore, the governments should take the employment promotion responsibility, establish the mechanism, and make the occupying-land-enterprise and other invovled agents the main agent in the land-expropriating-people's non-agriculture employment promotion, and reassign the most widespread social resources and strength to join the process of the employment promotion.This study has formed the main conclusions as follows:(1) The non-agricultural employment promotion is the core issue in resettling the land-expropriating-people and more important than financial compensation. Securing employment is the most important issue for land-lost farmersEmployment is crutial for most people to change and improve their living quality. The suburban farmers depend on the land to survive before the only survival resource being expropriated. Consequently, employment becomes very difficult after the land expropriation. Therefore, employment is more important than adequate financial compensation, as it is not only the key to surviving and developing in a new urban environment, but also one of the ideal means to alleviate their uneasiness. At present, the theory and practice about the land-expropriating-people's non-agriculture employment promotion has just begun and has not received enough attention. When their survival and development becomes more and more difficult, it has aroused enough attention in the whole society, the problem should be implemented in a way of comprehensive and long-term management and promotion.(2)It should establish a promotion framework for non-agricultural employment, in which the five means help each other to fulfill the task, namely community management and service, job training, the collective economic development, regional economic growth and development, entrepreneurial development.Non-agricultural employment promotion for land-expropriating-people is a significant systematic project, which requires cooperation and participation of various agents in the society. The establishment of the "Five-Star Model" can implement positive and effective macroeconomic management and guidance for the central government, and put the corresponding policy measures in order to mobilize the most extensive social resources and form the joint force in oeder to achieve non-agricultural employment for land-expropriating-people. Meanwhile, some local governments can also find the suitable paths in the overall framework. Therefore, the five-star model has a strong practical and targeted value.(3) It is the ideal path of the land-expropriating-people's non-agricultural employment development to start from the little posts to developing better along their own goals.Because of the lack of ability and the serious employment situation, they can only do the jobs that the urban citizens are not willing to do. Thinking and waiting without any actual actions can't solve the problems. Only with actual actions, could they gradually get involoved in urban economy and social development system, and find a solution through accumulating capacity, improving quality and changing concepts. Therefore, we need to guide them to recognize the reality, depend on themselves and start from low-paid job positions, and gradually find and grasp opportunities to achieve their own goals. This will meet present status of the land-expropriating-people's quality and ability, and also meet their pursuit of development, as well as be consistent with the social progress and development.(4) The model of concentrated construction houses to settle the land-expropriating-people is the main housing settlementone in the current and coming years. It is the common task to strengthen the innovation in construction and community management and service so as to promote the non-agricultural employment development.After the land-expropriating-people leave the rural area, settlement is the primary need to survive, they must settle down and then pursue further development. Based on the comparative analysis of China's housing resettlement model for the land-expropriating-people, the study argues that the model of "concentrated construction houses to settle the land-expropriating-people " is still the main trend in current and a very long period of future. As the first station entering into the city, land-expropriating-people's community has an important significance for their survival and development in the city. At present, there are many deficiencies in community management and services, it should combine with their needs and the trend of urban community building, innovate models and mechanisms, then strive to build the community to survival and non-agricultural employment base.(5) The professional training should be market-oriented.Because professional training and employment are integrated, effective professional training is important for the non-agricultural employment. However, at present some obstacles blocked the professional training; the land-expropriating-people do not want to participate in the professional training. Constructing and improving market-oriented professional training, will not only meet the basic requirements of market economy, but also help mobilize the professional training organization's enthusiasm, and finally achieve the optimum allocation of training resources. During the process, the government should strengthen the management and implement the guidance in initial stage, then gradually construct and improve the new professional training system. At the same time, training institutions should focus on the self-organization construction and development, develop and explore more training programs, so as to achieve the maximum economy and social benefits by cultivating "training brand" and "training institutions brand".(6) To develop the land-expropriating-people's collective economy is an effective way to achieve non-agricultural employment and increase incomes.Based on the summary and reflection to the practice of Settlement of Reserved Land, we find the development of the collective economy is an effective way to achieve non-agricultural employment and increase incomes, also is an effective link between staffs. Therefore, it should be explored in many ways so as to develop the collective economy. Among them, the secondary and tertiary industries, modern agriculture and services economy are worthy of exploring. The construction of economic base and the selection of leaders are crucial. The way of responsive support could be used to construct and develop collective economic organizations and guide collective economy organizations operation according to the modern enterprise system.(7) Those are new problems for all levels of government in promoting non-agricultural employment to implement the equal importance of economic and employment growth strategies and to innovate urbanization development strategy. Economic development is a fundamental measure to achieve employment growth. The areas with high levels of economic development will have a higher level of non-agricultural employment for land-expropriating-people as well. So, in order to improve the non-agricultural employment level, we must develop the economy vigorously. However, the economic development in nearly 20 years has not brought forth the rapid employment growth, and rapid urbanization has brought forward a lot of unemployment for land-expropriating-people. Thus, during the economic development and urbanization, employment growth should be incorporated into development strategies and as an important part in various regions. Those are important employment base and fundamental guarantee for land-expropriating-people and others to put urban economic development and urban hardware construction into the equal emphasis and put forward economic growth and employment growth simultaneously.(8) It is necessary to encourage the entrepreneurship development of land-expropriating-people.Entrepreneurship can produce employment multiplier effect. The pioneering may not only provide jobs for those pioneers, but also offer more job oppertunities for others. The development of entrepreneurial-based economy has become an important appraoch for employment growth and economic development. The 21st century is a venture-growing century. China is promoting the entrepreneurial economy in a positive way. Despite many disadvantages of the land-expropriating-people, their relatively familiar with the urban market, plasticity of employment need, pioneering spirit and pressures of living, also form advantages in certain extent. From the practice of different regions, entrepreneurship has becoming second-largest choice except working for enterprises. Therefore, it should be construct entrepreneurship developing support system from the various aspects, encourage land-expropriating-people to build business, and bring more chance to achieve non-agricultural employment.(9) The government is the leader and regulator while enterprise is the bearer in the non-agricultural employment promotion,In the process of non-agricultural employment promotion, the government plays a leading role. Based on its clearly defined responsibilities, the government should focus on employment promotion and innovations for institutional mechanisms and guide or encourage various social resources to participate in non-agricultural employment. Business and the other social agents involved should integrate non-agricultural employment in their own development plan. The government should urge enterprises to deal with the problem of employment of land-expropriating-people, if not, land needed unit must bear higher land cost.Based on the above research, this study has formed the following main innovation spots: Firstly, the study presents the "Five-Star Model" for the land-expropriating-people's non-agricultural employment, including five promotion means: namely community management and services, employment training, the land-expropriating-people's collective economy development, local economy development to the land-expropriating-people's pioneering. This model can be suitable for the central government to macro-manage and guide non-agricultural employment promotion. Because this has become a major problem of the whole society, it must be acknowledged at a high degree of macro-management implementation to active and long-term furtherance. It helps mobilize the most widespread social resources and strength to join in the employment promotion and achieving employment well by five paths connecting and interacting. As the sane time, this model can also be suitable for all levels of local governments and the land-expropriating-people themselves because every one of the five means in the "Five-Star Model" can run independently and becomes one "star" independently. Different regional government may find the suitable employment promotion measures from the "Five-Star Model", such as one means, or a combination of more than one means. Therefore, the "Five-Star Model" has not only good macro-guidance value and the theoretical significance but also has a strong practical value in different places of our country.Secondly, the study emphasizes that it is necessary and important to reform the content, pattern, mechanism of land-expropriating-people's community management and services. The management and services of land-expropriating-people's community is of significance, which would not only be where they live but also where they work. This is an idea and mentality innovation in which each region places merely house the land-expropriating-people at present. The idea has the good practice value and the innovation significance about land-expropriating-people's community constructing principles including "the small centralism, the big dispersion", "plan in advance, arrive gradually", "the superiority land sector incline the land-expropriating-people", "facilitates the employment", "the responsibilities and rights and benefits is unified", "pays attention to the dear ones fully"and so on and the community implementing positive psychology unblocking.Thirdly, the professional training to the land-expropriating-people should be market-oriented. It is proved a better solution, which will not only help make the training program more effective but also help the involved government departments being released from the direct operation of the training programs and focus on the macroscopic management.Fourthly, the study emphasizes that it is necessary to develop the land-expropriating-people's collective economy to secure non-agricultural employment. This is a summary and reflection to the practice of "Settling in Reserved Land", and also is a new development of collective economy in China.
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