An Analysis About Institutional Origin Of The Rise And Fall Of Scientific Technology In Soviet Union And Russia

Based on the theories of new institutional economics and development economics, the dissertation elaborates the systematical origin of the prosperity and depression in Soviet-Russian scientific technology.Soviet Russian planned economic system had the positive effects on scientific technology. It unified planned limited resources applying for national planning major/urgent projects in a short period of time, hence generated the "resource convergence effect". The effect played a very important role for the recovery and development of USSR's economy and science & technology at the beginning of its foundation and after the World War II. The rapid development of the "big science" was the positive embodiment of the planned economic system. Soviet Russia has reached the advanced world level in many point end science and technology fields. Soviet Russia kept up and exceeded other European developed countries having longer history of science and culture within decades.However,Soviet Russian highly unified planned economic system also had the negative effects . The Soviet Russia regarded the mode that came into being for survival under special conditions as the only correct mode for the socialist economic development, sanctified it and solidified it. In the peaceful development period, it refused to reform the mode to make up its disadvantage appearing with the times changing. Pursuing the extensive developing mode of emphasizing quantity and speed but neglecting the quality and efficiency, especially under a militarized orientation, Soviet Russia had a severe "inert innovation" and greatly influenced the input of civic science and technology. Some military-civil scientific achievements were locked in military industrial departments. Meanwhile, the frozen ideology seriously disturbed the scientific and technological undertakings, too.Chaos and crisis of scientific technical field had occurred in the transition to the market economy, after the USSR's disintegration. Russian formal system as market economic system set up within a short period of time could not integrate with its informal system, e.g. ideology, which caused huge social and economic crises, severe impact on scientific technical field, e.g. the scientific investment was reduced sharply and a large number of R&D personnel drained to the foreign countries. During Putin's presidential time, Russia has been being on the "Controllable Democratic" road, and it stops the crises. Development prospects of the issues of Russian scientific technical industry faced with many issues.Russian R&P is at a low level, scientific competence is still weak, traditional Russian inertia leads to resource-dependence economic development, economy demands little scientific technical achievements, upgraded industrial structure is in difficulty, and scientific technology has not been being a driving force of Russian economic increase. Russia is taking measures to increase the input on basic science, which aims to rejuvenating its scientific and technical industry.