History, Changes And Innovations On Rural Land Tenure System In China

The objectives of this study aims at seeking the new innovations for rural land tenure system to resolve the problems existed in the course of land reform through focusing on land transfering system reform and the development of tenures after the second-round terms of family scale contractual system and by taking survey on the new pattern of cultivation-enlargement concentration of scale of operations in China. Under the circumostance of current excessively small and separately managed farm operations caused by the family contractual operation policy, it can be considered as a more favourable and efficient way to promote the rural land tenure system reform in promoting land operation, increasing peasant income and at the initiative of modern agriculture development. An efficient rural land marketing transaction system is accompanied with the improvement of pattern of cultivation, the promote of optimum-scale operation and the development of land tenancy. This report tries to explore a new way of rural land tenure management on the base of the survey on the developing tenure system, and the situation of rural community in China. 7 Chapters has been included into this report as followed:Chapter 1. Current Development and Concerned Research of Rural TenureTheories. It is necessary to have deep and creative understanding on the existed land theories research. It helps to get correct research direction and sustained theoretical base from sharing existed theoretical achievements, clarifying the developing course of land theory, having deep understanding on concerned theories of Maxium and viewing concerned expertise and standpoints. Some special words and concept have also been explained in this report.Chapter 2 History, Changes and Current Status of Rural Land SystemMacro-evolution and the incentives of land system reform has been analysed to find out the inherent and general regulations in land system reform. Meanwhile, the analysis on the specialty of land reform in China has also been undertaken.. It has become a very important aspect to identified effects of tenure reform on the efficency of agriculture operations. Planned economy had a strict regulations of the highly unified system involving title holding to land and tenure. It brought low efficiency in agricultrue operation without competition. During agricultrue reform,independent family scale contractual tenancy has become a important law for agriculture operations and it is accompanied with the contradictions of relative scarcity of land and relative excess size of population and the retardation of increasing efficiency of land operations due to its excessively small operation. A general criteria and knowledgement of the improvement of tenure system reform has taken on the base of measurement and understanding of the problematical social and political effects in marketing family scale contractual operation. It helps to achieve the goal of increasing operation efficiency as well as increasing peasant income in result of promoting agricultural development.Chapter 3 Trade Cost of Rural Land ReformForms and impacts occurred in marketing land transfer, retard of high cost existed in the transfer, choice made by peasant for their economic operation New role played by village-level collective in market has been surveyed and investigated High contractual cost caused by excessively small scale land and its inefficient operation is the priciple difficulties to prevent peasant from participating land transfer. To resolve these problems, village-level collective unit plays an important role in the market as intermediary in relative developed rural regions and in relative developing region entrust can be a practical good form for peasant's participation to the market. During the course of transfering, collective price bargaining is a good addition to have intention of protecting peasant's interest and rights as well as to reduce trade cost paid by peasant. These measurements would ensure a stable benefit and its marketing opportunity cost. In addition, it broght a new form of land tranfer.Chapter 4 Objectives and MeasurementsUnder the regulations of collective ownership system and family scale tenancy, a practical pattern of land transfering need to be found out to promote the redistribution of land resourse through marketing power to enforce large scale land operation for full and efficient utilization of resourses, in accordance with the specific national situation of China.Chapter 5 Analysis on Reform Achievement and TrendThe real motives for reform is in intention of accruing potential benefit from it. The reallocation of rights of tenure through market is defined to help peasant to get security of tenure and to creat possibility of putting it onto market. On the base of highly secured tenure, efficient land transfering and stable and uninfringed benefit, landholding rights is no longer the retard to agricultureal growth without undermining foundation of collective ownership. Problems in land reform may be substituted by the utilization of sourse in land. It brings a Pareto Improvement-enlarging scale of operation and increasing efficiency. This may become the trend in land reform. It is more important for the land reform in East Asia to improve tenure system for cultivation operation under the circumostance of inadequacies of usable land and a large size of population. The form of tenancy under collective ownership represent a transition from traditional substance control to tenure rights secured to achieve optimum scale operation and to increase efficiency. Chapter 6 Restriction in Land ReformResearch has been taken on restricts occurred in the reform of land transfer from current status of agriculture development and social, political and economic development. These research aim at a systematic understanding on whole course of land reform to avoid retard caused by incompatibility of regulations and policy.Chapter 7 System Innovation and ImprovementIt leaves no win for both parties of collective holding rights and for tenants to unify landholding and tenure rights, which may bring difficulties to the reoranization of land by the market. Excessive enforcing upon the rights of tenure for individuals may cause rights undermining to collective landholding and collective accumulation, at last cause rights and interest undermining to peasant themselves from deep and far scope of view. So a new pattern of land management with definiting to separate landholding and tenure need to be set to protect the rights and interest both for landholder and peasant in gaining increasing efficiency. It is the trends to hence tenure in land reform. It provides maximum protect of benefit from land for peasant without undermining collective land ownership, enforcing land tranfer, improvement of optimun-scale operation and increasing land productivity. Under the regulations of collective holding and family scale tenancy, a well-run market with efficient admission and withdrawal mechanism and automatic extension mechanism while terms of tenancy is expired,...