Study Of Entrepreneurs And Evolutions Of Political Thought In Modern China

Modern entrepreneurs and thoughts of political evolution study is a topic that covers modern Chinese history, China's modern economic history, history of political thought in modern China and sociology. After the reform and opening, with the re-evaluation of Westernization Movement and the study of Chamber of Commerce in Late Qing Dynasty, researchers got some breakthrough in view of modern history and modern economic history, but the results from the perspective of the political thought history are still rare. Therefore, the author makes a progressive, dynamic observation and studies growth of modern entrepreneurs and political thought of theirs from the perspective of political thought history. By emphasizing on the interaction of "Political Ideology" and "Society", author explored the social basis of occurrence and changing of entrepreneurs'political thought.There are four chapters in this paper.Chapter I: The growth of modern entrepreneurs and the political thought evolution. In this chapter, author gives a brief discrimination on the concept and connotation of enterprise and entrepreneurship, and dose an inspection of generation and historical role of modern Chinese enterprises at first. Then in the perspective of sociology, author introduces the concept of entrepreneur group, inspects the modern entrepreneurs'team, discuses the formation and development of the modern entrepreneurs and the establishment of Chamber of Commerce. By observing activities of Chamber of Commerce, author dissertates the functions of modern entrepreneurs group and Chamber of Commerce. After that, from the angle of rank and class, with the guide of interaction of base and the superstructure, the author discusses how the Westernization Movement led to emergence of modern enterprises and entrepreneurs.The political thought of the liberal literati group, bureaucratic Westernization group, early Reformists, the bourgeoisie Reformists and bourgeois revolution group represented modern political thought. And their political thought reflected basic content of modern political thought at different stage in modern China. Author links the five stages of political thought with the different growth stages of modern enterprises, entrepreneurs: the Rich ideas gestated emergence of modern Chinese entrepreneurs; industry revitalization thought represented the benefit of the comprador and bureaucratic entrepreneurs; the idea of reform on politics promoted emergence of gentry entrepreneurs and business entrepreneurs; Industrial Salvation promoted the rapid development of national entrepreneurs. There were five characteristics of modern entrepreneurs: Firstly, the emergence of comprador entrepreneurs; Secondly, they are of weakness, shaking and compromise; Thirdly, gentry entrepreneurs play a leading role in entrepreneurs group; Fourthly, the forces from imperialist aroused their patriotic enthusiasm; Fifthly, few entrepreneurs came from the landlord class, even more difficult to find Shanxi merchants and Anhui merchants. In the modern history of China, role of different types of entrepreneurs played were of common and personality; positive and negative. However, the positive effect is primary, and the negative effect is secondary.Chapter II: Theoretical modality of modern entrepreneurs'political thought In this chapter, author mainly explores the complex manifestations of the basic political opinions. The so-called "theoretical modality" is the general political expression of entrepreneurs group.As an important part of entrepreneurs'thought, the political thought of modern entrepreneurs is extremely rich in content and is the most shining part. Its main contents can be summarized into three parts, such as nationalism, constitutional democracy ideology and the demand on government responsibility. Nationalism thought is mainly about business revitalization, it includes industry and education salvation, resisting foreign products and recovering rights and interests; Constitutional democracy thought is mainly embodied in the ideas of Zheng Guanying, Zhang Jian and the opinions of Chamber of Commerce. The characterizes of entrepreneurs'demand on government responsibility is as follow: Firstly, there is depth alienation between government and merchant for a long time; Secondly, the entrepreneur group not only criticized the government but also relied on it; Thirdly, resisting foreign aggression and conservation is the theme of entrepreneurs'demand on government responsibility. The contents of modern entrepreneurs'demands on government responsibility include relations between government and merchant and their opinion. The relations between the two group can be summarized as the awareness that"the business was managed by merchant, and protected by government", and their opinion changes from the "quick legislation of commercial law" to "commercial ruling".Chapter III: Practical modality of modern entrepreneur group's political thought. In the process of political movement, the so-called "practical modality" mainly refers to how the entrepreneurs adjust and change their political thought under the control of the politics, economic, culture and international relations. It is the unfolding process of entrepreneurs'political thought.In this chapter, the subjects are entrepreneur group and Chamber of Commerce. Author studied entrepreneurs'political activity, reviewed modern political thought during the process of building Chamber of Commerce, concerned Chamber of Commerce and public opinions. Besides this, author also studied the interaction of"theoretical modality"and"practical modality"of entrepreneurs'political thought. By the analysis above, we can see that modern entrepreneurs are subjects of industry and education salvation, resisting foreign products and recovering rights and interests, backbone of constitutional petition and the Revolution of 1911, promoters of commercial law and local self-government.Compared with other social groups, the practical modality is of three distinct characteristics: Firstly, it is the political practice of integration between government and merchant. In the view of modern entrepreneurs, the basic purpose of political practice is to maximize their interests and political rights by properly adjust relations between the government and merchant. Zhang jian had said that "Don't separate the government from the people, and then are the politics." Secondly, the formation of modern entrepreneurs'political thought is complex. On the one hand, the political thought of modern entrepreneurs is of conservative and utilitarian. Compared with"pure politics", their pursuit is "business politics"which had close relation with their interests. On the other hand, modern political entrepreneurs'thought is of some radical characteristics. That is, as Professor Zhu Ying said: the first emergence of modern electoral system is not political area, but the Chamber of Commerce. Thirdly, in political behaviors, the entrepreneurs are non-violent group, they always limit their political activities in reasonable and legal extent.Chapter IV:"The modern Chinese entrepreneurial spirit". In this chapter, author does a in-depth research on the entrepreneurs'political thought in the perspective of entrepreneurship to finish further study from chapter one to chapter four. In recent years, the academic achievements on entrepreneurial spirit have increased in academic circle. The author believes that, in a sense, compared with "entrepreneurial thought", "entrepreneurial spirit " has a much more profound meaning. Entrepreneurial thought were expressed by their articles and words. However, the entrepreneurial spirit was mainly reflected by their practical activities and evaluated by other people. Some thoughts of entrepreneurs are also other experts'thoughts, meanwhile, the entrepreneurial spirit is the unique character of entrepreneur groups.The entrepreneurial spirit is the theory, skills, quality and integrity that was expressed during the process of found and operate enterprises. It is the substantive content and core part of entrepreneurs'achievements. The author believes that value-added spirit is the essence part in structural system of entrepreneurial spirit, the pluralistic values is the theme of entrepreneurial spirit. The two major characteristics of entrepreneurial spirit is times and national characteristics. On the basis, author elected several typical representatives of modern entrepreneurs to do further discussion on the modern entrepreneurs'value-added spirit, values tropism, the spirit of the times and national characteristics.