| PVP in China are made up of Patent Law in 1984, Regulations on Plant Variety Protection in 1997 and Seed Law in 2000.What effects has PVP had on seed industry? How did PVP actually affect the companies which deal with seed production and seed marketing? How did PVP actually affect peasants' output and input? How did PVP actually affect the whole society? These are the most important issues of law makers and also should be inspected by whole society after the relevant costs have been paid.After reviewing the history of PVP, we studied the contents related to PVP in some international treaties. We inspected the PVP system in different countries and region like EU USA, Japen and India. Some characteristics were stresses and some new trends were indicated.Based on the IPP theories of interest balance, affectivity and resources usage optimization, it was analyzed the effects of IPP on seed industry, peasants and social investment. The conclusions are drawn as:1. Seven years have past since PVP was taken into effect. An efficient system was constituted to offer patent protection for breeding techniques and to offer PVP for breeders. By the end of 2003, patent applications for gene transfer were up to 888 cases and patent applications for GMOs up to 304. By the end of 2004, PVP applications were up to 2996 cases and of which, 698 were granted. It means that PVP in China can meet the seed industry development.2. Lawsuits have increased sharply between seed companies, companies and research units since PVP was put into practice. The lawsuits related PVP were 32, 100 and 172 respectively in the year 2002, 2003 and 2004. The compensation was up to 80.943, 137.31 and 249.163 million RMB respectively. It means the cost is high. Some cases between a few companies lasted a long time and were very complicated.3. PVP causes the seed cost 0.27 RMB higher for 1 kilogram. Meanwhile the seed cost was raised indirectly by marketing difference which was caused by PVP. The total cost for 1 kg maize seed was 2.84 RMB in 1999 and 5.52 RMB in 2004. The retail price was 5 RMB in 1999 and 10.6 RMB in 2004. The profit rate for supplier and wholesaler went up from 26.8% and 8.7% to 37.7% and 28.6%.4. The expenditure for R&D by enterprises reached to 4.10% of revenue in 2004. In maize breeding it is estimated that 164 million RMB was invested. The number of hybrids and varieties was up to 25%, which was bred by enterpeize or institute-enterprize cooperation. In maize it is positive for enterprize to participate breeding. The hybrids registered by ministry of agriculture is 29, which were bred by enterpeize or institute-enterprize cooperation ,counting for 63% of total registered hybrids. It is now prevailed by enterprizes in maize breeding.5. The yield increase rates for maize, rice and wheat were lower after PVP was put into force. Only for rapeseed and cotton it was shown a slight higher. But the low regression R~2 means that only little correlativity between rapeseed yield increase and PVP. As to cotton, the yield increase is not related to PVP, as it entered the PVP list only in 2004.
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