.8-19 Century Chinese Enterprises In The Early Management

There coexist several types of civilian enterprise in China in from 700 to 1840 year, they take on the quality of being in order, in no order and in adverse order in the course of their development, of changeable unbalance in the distribution of time, space, department and trade, and of unsteadiness. Civilian enterprise's development of chain reaction of division of labor in society causes the increase of enterprise's sort and quantity. Besides producing power's development based on agricultural production , motivating powers of division of labor in society still include increase of market demand, technical progress, business capital's animation and so on, but there are some problems in civilian enterprise's division of labor in society.Civilian enterprise' s erection, scope of business, location, hours of business, product quality and so on is in the administration of feudal government, the administration is not always negative to civilian enterprise's development; Guild' s internal administration of product price, scope of business and so on is in order to provide its members with equitable chance, but is not able to eliminate competition and avoid division into two opposing extremes, those who want to accede to guild must pay membership dues, guilds with identical occupation usually divide range of activity to avoid dispute, this kind of administration is disadvantageous to avoid civilian enterprise. Among civilian enterprises, besides individual ownership, co - partnership' s quantity increases gradually, range of distribution spreads all over agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce, co - partnerships tend to contract gradually and are superior to individual ownership in raising funds, realizing the coalition of capital owner and good operator, dispersing risk and so on, civilian enterprise's technological management, labor management, financial management and system of rewards and penalties are advantageous to promote itself's development.Handicraft industries and commerces operated by feudal government are more and more close with market in labor, raw and processed materials and products, and take on the qualities of enterprise. Enterprises operated by feudal government form a set of normal managerial system for the management of labors and officials around product quality and productivity, but labors' initiative in labor is not high owing to supereconomic coercion; the appointment of officials is disturbed by many political factors, a lot of officials are not competent and commit jobbery, these cause managerial system to be unable to be carried out seriously, product quality inferior and output cost high, moreover, productive purpose of enterprises operated by feudal government make labors' skills unable to be transformed into productive forces, make enterprises operated by feudal government be an important reason of slow technical progress in ancient China.