| Let the rural society recuperate, agriculture a modem agriculture with modern industrialization of the temperament, and full of the breath of modern civilization peasantry.The existence of life is in the pursuit of the meaning of life. This is a social psychology proposition: nature of man is the basis for the problem exists; the person's development is people the value of existence problem. Like the nature of the farmers is the basis for the problems of agriculture, countryside and fanners development problem of agriculture, countryside is the value of existence problem. However, the development of the farmers is the basis of public choice, is the value of the public choice. We have been in dispute the government this is what, do what, but there is little debate farmers who is this, what to do. Always not to put in the position of the farmer main body status for the exploration to solve the "SAN nong" questions, departure from strategic issues.Whv did most farmers in mountainous areas choose to vote with their feet to leave their homeland and duties(agriculture) and vote with hand to work in the city engaged tired, dirty, heavy, the risk of non-agricultural manual labor? They double voting with their feet to go back and forth between urban and rural areas unable to attend to everything at one time? Do they make a personal choice or public choice, individual action or collective action? Why they choose such a life and death fatigue survival and change the path?Answer these questions, and bound to each their own as a scholar and as a human mission, personality tendencies, values, academic point of view, political views and policy insights and each has his own epistemology and methodology.To address and answer these questions, we must focus on the unity of methodology and epistemology!First, The main conclusions of the paperUsing the research method of history-compared, the empirical-specification, deductive-inductive to analysis and find that under the collective action of public choice, the causes of economic and social development in rural and mountainous areas is that the following factors integration. Its way out depends on the new economic mechanisms design.1. The context "Synergy" and "coordination", actually rights and duties of "market" and "the government", sense of the country and market logic of the reconstruction of reflection, important theory and practice problems.Under the existing public choice, the root of mountainous rural economic development lagging behind is that the institutional environment of institutionalized main deletionOver the years, farmers confined to the institutionalized power, money and other intermediary system world with mainstream social segmentation in remote occlusion, stick, ignorance, poverty-stricken families, groups and common words such as space life elements constitute the world of the living, lack of regional and economic development decisions, carry out the formulation, implementation, management, and supervision of their own living world and the community in the public domain. Out of this predicament and reconstruction of a new modern time and space, only the institutionalization of national identity and culture of local communities, the development of self-organizing subjectivity of the regional development of rural and mountainous areas was placed to identity building. Farmers as equal market players and stakeholders and the value of the subject with the government and company, forming the network of participatory development, farmers have the right to build their own world of life and community in the public domain, making farmers with decision-making body, with the full development of the main right to development. As business entities, in fact empower the farmers, it has an equal right to development, the local cultural identity and national culture that was accepted by farmers should be protected and development. Farmers as equal participation entities, rather than up and down relationship of the active-passive and lead-be lead role have the right of decision-making, joint planning, joint development, joint management, joint management of common benefit and total risk with local government.Local government, for the developing regions, not only the role of participation prevailing in the international development research and practice, or planning and management approach, development workers "participatory rural appraisal (PRA)(Robert Chambers,2003), more to the main empower participatory learning and action (PLA),(Robert Chambers,2007), the two interactions and role; the same time it should be to assist and guide (Facilitator). The development of a community, can not be both absolute and extreme or top-down, the Executive Order as "government-led" no villagers to participate in the abstract "collective economy", or without equality and participation, more can not be no freedom, democracy, fairness and justice, development concept and the values of populism" cooperative economy".2. Under the existing public choice, the crux of mountainous rural economic development lagging behind is the system arrangement that urban development deprive the remainder of the mountain rural economicHistorically, China's rural areas was extremely of "the Homeland Security to move", and "Restraining Commerce", and mountainous rural and urban areas separated by the solid walls, thousands of years, the city also deprived the variety economic surplus of rural and mountainous areas. Since the reform and opening up, it becomes the extreme "heavy industrial and commercial light agriculture ". Long-term national bureaucracy force, the heads of local government responsibility, rather than the public system of modern democracy and the rule of law arrangements, resulting in a more backward democracy and the rule of law more prominent centralization of local government, the economy will be tucked away in the evolution of slow under the agricultural society.3. The evolution of "Executive-led dual structure" to "market-oriented dual structure" is more intense, the urban-rural gap is the greaterWith the reform and opening depth and the urban-rural separation longer, the'"executive-led dual structure" artificially designed naturally became the "market-oriented dual structure". Under the conditions of market economy, urban and industrial waning reliance of the rural areas, agriculture and agricultural, urban and rural interaction from frequently become increasingly sparse, coupled with the regional development policies to the city, the rural economy is also bound backwards. Adding economic globalization, foreign entry, the monopoly of state-owned enterprises, private enterprises excessively vicious competition, the superposition of two dual structure, urban-rural income gap is widening, the seriousness of the rural issues and the task of solving "three rural" issue is bigger, urban problems are increasing exponentially.4. The institutional environment and institutional arrangements of public choice have the great disadvantage hardly to correctRegional government-oriented development model, although planning-decisions-guide-optimal allocation of resources-coordination-Forensics-Control-Organization-Management-service functions, but it can easily form the public the right to private and advantages of social capital, next of kin of sexual reproduction and centralized the formation of a variety of resources, officials and business capital or crony capital structure-function mode forming kinds of the monopoly of power, markets and opportunity. Officials GDP performance evaluation make that the regional development planning program is difficult to legitimate form of renewal after the change of the incumbent to undertake. So to resources-Environment-Nature-ecological (natural ecology and social ecology)-decision-making and so inevitably have an enormous waste and destruction of the vicious circle effect. Put the mess, power, rent-seeking, influence-peddling, corruption, and regional market segmentation, the vicious circle of the "tragedy of the commons" effects not only despite being banned, it will be more intense.5. Under the existing public choice, the participation of the economic development in mountainous and rural areas is single and farmers are not within the boundaryMountainous rural administrative regions in fact take "control" rather than "governance" model, in addition to the local lack of financial capital, large-scale and competitive industry support, and the benefits of farmers' land is far less than the labor economy benefit. Mountain area, the main body of property right, historical subject interests subject, the market main body, the social main body, governance, are all the centralization of local government agency, which have not been the subject of socialization, diversified participation. The farmers were institutionalized, market-oriented extrusion. Farmers change from "voting with the hand" to "voting with their feet" and to "double voting with their feet" in back and forth between urban and rural areas.6. Under the old public choice, rural social level mountain area and various types of benefit main body decide today's mountainous countryside development patternBecause of mechanism design and system reason, the regional government monopolizing all resources, fanners were not involved in local village, reflecting that they have lost confidence in such system-mechanism environment, and taking the little profit and the "opportunistic" adverse selection. Making people no longer seek to flee from poverty and backwardness of the rural and mountainous areas, willing to production and life here, which is that people can give the highest rating of some kind of social svstem mechanism.Have equal opportunity to realize the various stakeholders in the pursuit of their own goals; they can only adopt a cooperative collective action. Believe mountaineer:"they can make the decision, the distribution of resources and implement collective behavior, they will be organized by internal structure to strengthen internal standard, make all types of decision, the implementation of the objective collective action.7. Scientific definition of the regional management and governance in the administrative means to "coordinate" with the interests of the industrial organization collaboration technologies "synergy"Long-term public choice and its collective action to promote regional coordination five overall, only the government to pay the costs of coordination, mountainous rural economy to take a socio-technical, natural technology combined with the means to achieve social engineering, the natural goal of the project, through technical "synergy","cooperation" and "cooperation" in order to correct the old deviation of the negative effect of public choice mountain rural economic development. Only in this way the various social interest groups have equal status and fair and equal opportunity and fair legal protection status. Collaborative development of mountain rural economy has its own proper essence, the level of standards, the nature, function, orientation, dimensions, condition, support system, road-way-method-model. Only applicable modern management and incentive and restraint mechanism, the evaluation index system, being droved and braked by public choice way and synergy mode, it will be possible to be good wish produce good results.8. Mountainous rural economic development, so far there is no top design of the special area regarding the national important strategic development needsThe most representative of the public choice and collective action over the years the "two sessions","Central Document No.1", plenary session of the previous relationship between the party and the country a major strategic decision-making, although the topics and issues of rural areas and farmers, agriculture, the "three rural " work, the fund for agriculture has also increased, but they are tactical measures, rather than strategic principles; mountain rural development should be strengthened its systematic, holistic, unique, complex, long-term and phased objectives, tasks, recognizing the special rural and mountainous areas of humanities and social historical background, natural, environmental, ecological uniqueness, complexity; recognizing the important relationship between the scientific development of mountainous rural areas and the modernization of the country as a whole, just that we can solve the problem against building a modern social and public services in rural areas, a multiple system of social security, production, disaster prevention and mitigation, and ecological construction. The development of the western region, in the construction of well-off society and new countryside construction, these series of regional development of involving public policy, need to have the top design premise; the implementation will be rising.9. The national rural and mountainous areas in heterogeneous distribution and structure typesThe national landscape in mountainous and has a typical person to system structure properties can be divided into a unified, binary, ternary, flowers, and four of the mountain people to the system physical geography, human geography and economic geography is isomorphic to the basic pattern; which has a corresponding heterogeneous geographical factors, geomorphology, environmental characteristics, land resources, the main cultural characteristics. The historical basis of the economic and social development and current situation, the worldview, values, social, psychological and social consciousness of interest groups are the same as nature, with a mix of existence. Regional management and regional management should be personalized and differentiation, as long as unified in constitutional basis, should not be "or so consistent, look up and down". Size-fits-all control is not conducive to a variety of regional economic, social personality and style development.10. Contain the mountains of the braking force of the country as a whole to realize its modernization; the difficult of realization of mountains' modernization is the deep shackles of the great revitalization of the Chinese nation.Has always been based on the national development strategy, so far no top design planning mountainous specifically for the development of special plate strategic and operational blueprints, even if made similar to the development of the western region and general policy. Systemic, holistic, collaborative development of rural and mountainous areas countermeasures should be strengthened. China's rural and mountainous areas and its strategic science development and to realize the sustainable development of mountain area, and the state of the development of the whole plan as a whole, coordination, but deepen the development of the western region, the comprehensive construction well-off society, promoted the new rural construction is the inevitable requirement of level, is the comprehensive modernization the important guarantee of the target, the national strategic decision will have a extensive and far-reaching influence and historic role.11. The futurology significance of mountain rural economy coordinated development"Natural gathering elements" and "social gathering elements" in the development of rural and Mountainous area economy exactly is what, how many? The feasibility of the country's future development, operability means and objective is what? Many series of questions need to be explored. No mountain modern, always in a serious state of poverty and backwardness and environmental issues is always a bottleneck restricting the overall modernization of China. Therefore, the necessity of argument mountainous rural areas to develop a modern mountain efficient ecological agriculture, conditional recognition ideas; objectives and mode; way; support system; project selection and layout design; development planning; resettlement planning; countermeasures. Settled based on the concept of the scope of the "subject-fair-constraints-time-space-structure-the way-environment-benefit-public interest, development-aesthetic-planning-management-services", focusing on micro things and phenomena at the medium and macro in the role, position, and their interactions.Second, The main ideas of the paper1."If a nation want to stand in the peak of science, there's not a moment without theory thinking."This is an era of fusion, modern China are also facing the challenge of Western culture and modern, facing the challenges of the environment, natural, ecological, social harmony and people to harmonious relations and other natural risks and social risks and also facing the challenges of the five common human conflict, the conflict between man and nature, social, interpersonal, spiritual and civilization. How to resolve this conflict of the five is the essence of the humanistic spirit of the times, the primary value of China's modernization.This also is the point of mountainous and rural economy development economics, social psychology, and technical engineering.2. The national will, the great significance of national ideals and national unity is to achieve the unity of the various types of community of interests to achieve a certain degreeA country to create the material wealth of the Industrial industry and its trade for the production and service of others contains the great significance of national ideals and national unity and patriotic love of home complex, because both are part of the national life. A country only through the common interests of workers and peasants-commerce industry to achieve some degree of harmonization, rather than simply the consensus of the political discourse, to appear genuine national spirit, the concept of state identity. Good governance must stand in the country overall modernization of all people to live a happy life point of view:"History is nothing but the pursuit of the activities of the people of their own purposes". Moreover,"the people" must be nominalism only real moderation, neither nominalism nothingness on the public welfare assumptions, Fei Wei realism personal extremism. Mountain rural economic development is undoubtedly the road of "people's economy", rather than the government and elite investors'synthesis of a single subject.3. The coordinated development of the rural economy in mountainous area public the choosing principle of politics and political interests'coordinationThe public choice of mountain rural economy's coordinated development should be based on as much as possible to achieve consensus choice of the vast majority of individual collection, should be based on the principles of public management objectives and political rather than political interests. No harmonious political governance of the society, the exercise of the powers of government of public choice as representatives of civil society, no matter how smart their own political, economic calculation, and once lost the historical process of the principle of political logic of the process of separation, will make political resources is easy to lose. Therefore, the consolidation of the social management and their rights will be ineffective.4. The international trade could form a unified market, the domestic trade barriers facing obstacles plaguedChina's current market segmentation, the Administrative Region of the economy, economic power, market monopoly, the monopoly of the special interest groups are serious, regional economic collaboration, integrated development difficulties, there is not representative of the public choice and the lack of a strong-minded scholars, but based on the interests of the political world outlook and values to technical problem. Paying the high administrative costs, predatory development of resource-based economy, high consumption and low output, the non-balanced development of regional extreme gap between rich and poor gap expansion, Corruption, the large number of outputs of the various by-products in the field of investment as the main market economy, ineffective managers of enterprises in economic globalization, regional integration, lack of competitiveness and so on, create a huge space for the growing. People will have no fear to do illegal actions in a lawful manner.5. To establish regional dominant position under different identityRegional historical subject, governance, the social main body, the market main body, benefit main body, participate in the main body, no doubt, should is civil society of equality and mutual benefit of industry organization, private investors, which is not merely the regional government or state-owned enterprises, also the main other special interest group. As regional subject, by the government, businesses, nonprofit organizations, residents and other groups, such as in some competing mechanism; regional economic entities, should be the government, market intermediaries (NGO, NPO), and industrial organization. Value to achieve the objective of technology intermediary market. Normative values and the fact that the value of science and the humanities, the Center and the Center of the scientific method to deal with constitutional law and science of psychological, human psychological, economic ethics is basically the same," the performance of the people tolerate the kind of society." society can tolerate the kind of human nature," the two moral dilemmas will be solvable.6. The establishment of legal system needs remodeling market economic system arrangements and the environment of the new individual socialist economic ethicsEach self-organizing self-development, both closed and open organization, in the face of common interests or risk, personal power is not sufficient to achieve their own pursuit of the goal, is bound to the demands of the organization and synergy with its members, cooperation and sharing. In order to effectively achieve the goal of their pursuit the main body of the members take collective action of public choice-cooperation, they can make decisions, allocate resources and implement the collective behavior, through the internal structure organized to strengthen the internal norms, to make each types of decisions, the implementation of the purpose of collective behavior. The various actors in a social system, different subjects are no doubt a major initiative of the role of knowledge of the creative individual and the collective composition of the subject and the actors, their role in the system, institutional, organizational, and social relations, as subject (agent) at the same time forced to seek a special value and benefits, adoption, change, transformation systems, such as markets, commercial, corporate, administrative units, government agencies and other system arrangements. Public policy formulation, policy and theory has matured, the key problem is that many problems still remain on paper. In the pattern of interests and achievements of the pursuit of publicity to promote the collective interests, national interests, social interests, emphasizes more individual interests to promote less. The advantage of constraints and incentive mechanism is balance.7. The scientific and strategic decision-making and implementation of mountain rural economic collaborative development is bound to have a "fulcrum effect"National top design, can work in the development of rural economy mountainous area strategic objective, scientific decisions, believe that people have constitutional cultural consciousness, to allow the autonomy of the development of regional economy, no one size fits all. Scientific development of China's rural and mountainous areas, mountainous rural development strategy and implementation, implement the scientific concept of development, reducing regional development disparities, and achieve sustainable mountain development with the national overall development co-ordinate and implement the scientific concept of development, to further push forward the western development building a moderately prosperous society in the depth of the inevitable requirement to promote the new rural construction, the full realization of the modernization goals, will produce an extensive, far-reaching impact and historical role. Mountain rural economy, the joint development is bound to have a "fulcrum effect", can break a number of economic and social development bottlenecks.Third, The paper's characteristics and innovationIn order to enhance the relevance of humanities research in economics, science, effectiveness, the paper although rare quantitative analysis, but the quality of qualitative research, and strive to observe, analyze, research, experience, reasoning, as far as possible to ensure its reliability and validity.1. Integrating the views of development and the causal relation, analyzing the development of rural economy complex problems in the poor Mountain areaNature, the human society and the thinking is the constantly changing. Human activities and objectivity non-objectivism activity is dialectically. Rural and mountainous areas in the process of economic development, its this however, ought to, with different ideas will focus and reflect, to form a national decision and research in the practice of historical subjects, along with economic and social evolution process and continuous improvement. All the problems in the interaction of infinite bound of causality. Mountainous rural economic development, has a causal link for more fruit, with different fruit, fruit for a number of different with fruit, because of fruit, and composite causal etc diversity and particularity, our future can consciously, has the destination to take the appropriate idea, in order to realize the way mountainous countryside economic development and provide methodological guidance.2. Interdisciplinary theoretical basis of the integration of mountainous countryside analysis problems of economic developmentThe breadth and depth of People-land's interaction increasing, it is necessary to cross-examine the combination of natural and Humanities and Social Sciences disciplines. So take the geographical disciplines, agronomy, engineering, agricultural economics, management science, regional economics, rural sociology, public choice theory interdisciplinary theoretical basis of support, the integration of the methodology of the historical materialism of Marxism and public choice theory, using mountainous rural economy coordinated development of the "Inherent"(empirical) and the "ought"(standardized) and so on, learn, absorb and expand the reasonable opinion of the Western public choice theory tradition.3. In theory, deconstruction and reconstruction of the various strata of society and its interest groups, a collection of sexual identity and multiple personality, emphasizing the national identity and independence and unity of the logic of the marketIndividuals within each organization are a "status set ","role set" has a value of the independence requirements. The various social strata and its interest groups set of sexual identity and multiple personalities, emphasized the sense of the country and the independence of the market logic and the unity. Avoiding the substantive issues in social psychology and organizational sociology, does not help.4. From natural dialectics to project high philosophy, systematics, collaborative learning vision promoted the extensive practice feasibility and operability of mountain rural economic developmentEffectively play the role of the fundamental role of natural resources and socio-economic resources (human resources, such as human capital, technology, information, systems, trading and its efficiency, etc.) the combination of mountain resources, collaborative development of mountain rural economy, is the science effective. There are very necessary to reflect the unity of research and development of the rural and mountainous areas of the previous level.Fourth, The policy implications of the paper1. Public choice on the concept of state constitutional spirit, the logic of the market and the reality of distanceOut of the public service people that assume too much emphasis on the ideological shackles of the individual market economy, the dominant position of well-established logic of the market in accordance with the fair, just and open the right of free transactions. The future work is how to solve the implementation process, passing through, and methods, or what kind of measures the monopoly power of vested interests and their behavior with the statutory management constraints, and the interests of socially vulnerable groups with the statutory management incentives.2. Coordination of national concepts and logic of the marketEnforce the concept of state and individual rights of free exchange market logic, should not be confused, but not to the concept of the State deprived of the legitimate rights of the individual fair dealing in the market logic of the market. Government power in the regional management take part in a large proportion, the government and its authority extensions (state-owned enterprises, professional organizations and other interest groups) has a monopoly, aggressive. Market economy inherently regional governance, the common interests of groups, formal or informal institutional arrangements. the formation of groups, formal or informal organization, the main members of the group activities in the organization and its legitimate functions to achieve within the Born to play and goals to achieve.3. The transformation of regional management to regional governanceBoth statistically divided into the same or homogeneous economic space forces in the field of space, the region of space or policies of the planned economy, the use of economic space, or from the homogeneous region in the Geography of regional ideology, the polarized region, plan region, China government-led development model, in fact, deprived of self-organization and self-development functions of the mountainous areas of social subjects and market dominant position. Regional management and regional governance's coordination need using scientific management constraints and incentives to regulate them. If constantly remain at the regional collaborative development of political slogans, without practical initiative only made the crux of the growing diehard deterioration.4. Regionalism and regionalization:administrative (district) economy to a market economy and regional economic transformationThe location is an economic space field. Regional economic development, micro embodied in the automatic evolution to geopolitical, karma, karmic ties, geographic space and social space are difficult to separate the host-guest unit, the economic behavior of the behavior of self-organization mechanism will occur. Location choice, economic functional areas, functional areas, economic regions are the representation of the spatial behavior of economic agents or results. Good at distinguishing the principle of government bureaucracy, top-down bottom-up specification and format and regional economic development.5. Breaking the monopoly, market diversification, and stakeholders to follow the rules of the market voluntarily competingMountain subject, mountain economic agents, should be mountaineer, equality and mutual benefit of industrial organization, which is not merely the regional government or the state-owned enterprise, also should not be other special interest groups. And by the government, enterprise should be of nonprofits, residents and other groups in a competition mechanism, such as the composition, value realizing the goal of the technology intermediary is market.6. The concept of a single type of mountain resources development system to the complex development of mountain people to the relationship between system reconstruction and economic joint developmentHuman social systems and system elements of the natural environment's coordination, systems development of mountain resources, make full use of the comparative advantage of the mountain of regional resources, mountain "kind of-a budding-agriculture-livestock grazing Lin-fishing-families-work-trade-urban planning and construction integration" developmait, through the government effective public administration and public services, the existing single low raw material processing industry and agric... |
PDF Full Text Request