| In early 2005, the country puts forward to give priority to the development of theopinion of public traffic, in 2006, the state in order to better implement the opinion toenhance economic policy support, and, put forward henceforth five years of publictraffic industry development basic target, namely" within 5 years, the national largeand medium-sized city public traffic rate must reach travel about 30% of the total,among them, Beijing city in 2010 and strive to achieve public transportation ratioreached 40%. However, from the actual operation, does not appear to achieve thedesired effect. According to the latest data show that the first half of 2010, Beijingpublic transportation ratio close to 40%, up from 40.9% in 2011, this means thatBeijing will finish the target, however, and the Beijing city achieved compared toother city, with little success, our country more than 600city public traffic ratiosmostly less than 10%, only a few city reached 20%, public transportation more than20% of the city is more scarce. The above data and foreign situations compared tomore than. In a foreign city, public transport accounts for the vast majority of totaltravel, such as the Paris61%, China Hongkong Special Administrative Zone90%,Tokyo in the commuter travel in public traffic accounted for 90% of Seoul subway,only accounted for34% of residents travel. Even if is the same for developing BrazilCuritiba, to work on public transportation person also has 75%. This shows, we playin the public transportation system action efforts are far from enough.Predictably, the next 5 to10 years, our country will increase traffic infrastructureconstruction, which including city public transportation network construction.However, efficient, convenient, fast, safe transportation must also rely on theprovision of transport tools, efficient, business entities, namely public transportationenterprise or company. Transport networks work due to expensive, generally belong tothe act of government, by finance project funding manner, while the transport entitytransport activity belong to economic behavior. Once the transportation network iscompleted, transport efficiency will depend on the transportation enterprises economic behavior effect. However, the existing regulation can not adapt to the development ofeconomic society, need to make the necessary adjustments. The full text is dividedinto six parts:Part First: introduction.Part Second: the city public transportation industry government regulation theoryanalysis. This chapter first describes the general theory of government regulation, andthen borrowed from the general theory of city public traffic industry governmentregulation theoretically. The analysis results show, city public traffic industry not onlyhas the feature of natural monopoly, and with public welfare and operatingcharacteristics, for the industry if the government regulatory shortage, industrycompetition will be the market structure tends to make the monopoly, so as to reducethe social welfare. This is a city public transportation industry government regulationprovides a theoretical basis, from the city public transport industry to implement theeconomic regulation and social regulation, the social welfare have improvedsignificantly, but under the regulations will inevitably lead to the existence ofgovernment subsidies, otherwise the enterprise will not exist, the city publictransportation industry regulation goal is to keep the certain industry competitionability under the condition of social welfare improvement.Part third: Chinese super city public transportation industry development andregulation policy failure. This chapter focuses on the current Chinese super city publictraffic actuality, see essence through the phenomenon, the article thinks, current ChinaSuper City public traffic industry is before reforming and opening although havegreater progress and progress, but there are still a lot of problems, such as bus linesoperate nationalization" resurgence" problem, management main body, problem ofsingle bus line occupation and environmental pollution problems. After the analysis,the paper found that the cause of these problems exist, the essential factors ofgovernment regulation policy failure. From the existing government regulationmechanism, there are five main aspects: (1) government regulation powerconfiguration confusion, various regulatory agencies; (2) second, pricing andadjustment mechanism of the lack of rationality and scientific sex; (3) a franchisemonopoly incentive regulation into chips. (4) the related laws and regulations are notperfect; (5) lack of necessary off-site supervision mechanism. The article thinks, supercity public traffic industry government regulation reform should focus on solving the five problems, only in this way can fundamentally solve the problem of governmentregulation failure.Part forth: super city public traffic industry government regulation reform in linewith the needs of economic development, the reform should be focused on priceregulation and market regulation. This chapter through the study found: (1) the pricemechanism, marginal cost pricing and sub-optimal cost pricing which have the sameeffect, marginal cost pricing is easy to occur by using the congestion problem, and thesuboptimal cost pricing is prone to supply is insufficient, cannot satisfy all passengerdemand problem. Our proposal is in use by the higher demand of the city may besuboptimal in passenger demand and pricing, lower city can execute the marginal costpricing, but no matter what pricing, government subsidies are necessary. In addition,there is often a large city road traffic congestion problem, which has seriously affectedthe city public transport development, it is necessary to travel to a congested roadsection even import city private vehicle traffic congestion fee, in private vehicles andpublic transport to meet the social welfare maximization balance. (2) the market entryregulation, our country will begin to execute franchise regulation, but the regulationfaced two hidden action, one is public transportation enterprise own hidden actions,such as a decrease in the quality of service, cheap cars off the road, the environmentpollution is serious, the other is public transportation enterprise and regulationmechanism or other departments of the collusion behavior. The two hidden actions arein need of government regulation or other departments to provide the necessarysupervision. We think, public transportation enterprise own hidden actions footthrough government regulatory agencies and consumers to implement, but this muststrengthen consumer supervision ability; government regulation department or otheragencies and the public transportation enterprises the collusion between thesupervision must have third party agencies to implement, both to establish a effectiveproblem discovery mechanism, but also set high enough punishment cost.Part fifth: the part of the world super city public traffic industry governmentregulation enlightenment. City public traffic regulation exist remarkable convergencefrom the United States, New York City, London City, Tokyo City, Paris France andRussia Moscow city and five countries in large city in the implementation of thegovernment regulation policy, there are three characteristics: first, city public traffic torail traffic. Foreign city public traffic has also undergone road traffic on the age, but as the city prosperity degree rise, city resident population increased year by year, roadtraffic capacity and transportation capacity is relatively decreased significantly, inorder to meet the development needs of city rail traffic has been found, and the use ofthis means of transport, practice has proved, although higher investment, but thetransport efficiency is greatly improved, the world super city is city of generallyaccepted suboptimal choice. Second, in the face of traffic congestion, congestioncharge, traffic congestion fee are widely used, especially in Britain and the UnitedStates of America Super City, this regulation is more prevalent. Some of our city alsostarted to study and test of this regulation, such as Shenzhen in the rush hours, in thetraffic peak sections levy tolls. The article thinks, the cost of collection to be in widerregional popularity, like Beijing, Shanghai and other such population density high citymay consider levies several charges, such as congestion charge and special sections ofa road tolls combined method. In this way, can effectively alleviate the urban trafficcongestion, improve public transport efficiency. In third, to relieve financial pressure,through franchising regulation improves on the folk capital use efficiency, but mustcarry out to the enterprise strict review mechanism. Our implementation offranchising regulation for a short time, in practice there are many problems indifferent countries, the international super city public traffic franchise regulationexperience can let our country's government regulation authorities timely adjust andcorrect the actual occurrence of errors.Part sixth: Chinese super city public traffic industry government regulationreform countermeasure. Our country super city government regulation reform mustfirst determine the overall objective of the reform and principle. The article thinks,super city public traffic industry government regulation of the ultimate goal should bedetermined as the realization of the benign operation of city. In addition, should alsobe further determined to achieve the ultimate goal of sub goals, namely the industrymanagement and efficiency of city, traffic and environmental improvement. If the citypublic transportation industry government regulation subgoal level defined as 1/ 3,1/3,1 /3, so, super city the three goals should focus on horizontal tilt somewhat, namelythe industry efficiency target should be less than 1/ 3, while the traffic efficiency andenvironmental efficiency level and should be greater than2/ 3. On the governmentregulation reform overall objectives and goals under the guidance, some reformmeasures should also actively follow up, this paper argues that, our country super city public traffic industry government regulation reform of the specific work includes atleast seven aspects: clear super city public traffic industry government regulationdepartment the power and responsibility of aggrandizement of; of large city publictransport industry operation laws and regulations; to establish a scientific, reasonable,normative the financial subsidy system; further improve the franchise enforcementmechanism; establish and improve public transport evaluation mechanism,introducing passenger supervision mechanism; build multiple departments effectivesupervisory system; must use a variety of price regulation, joint governance "block". |
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