Research Of Theory And Positive About The Influence Of Entrepreneurship On Economic Development

Many scholars do not agree to take entrepreneurship as an economic subject to be studied, because the area of entrepreneurship is currently in a'chaotic pre-paradigm state'and it is the intersection of several fields and there are many definitions of entrepreneurship. In reality, however, the role of entrepreneurship is clear in the process of economic development. The paper research the influence of entrepreneurship on economic development from the view of theory and practice.Entrepreneurship is defined as the action of innovation about economic subjects daring risk and creating wealth,which is consisted of entrepreneurial efforts and entrepreneurial capacity. There are three categories of motive which can promote entrepreneurial efforts, that is, poverty-driven motives and opportunities-pulled motives and success-pursued motives. Expected return is the most important factor that fluent entrepreneurial motivation in the process of entrepreneurial motivation generated. Entrepreneurial effort is divided into productive efforts and unproductive efforts. Entrepreneurial productive efforts play a key role in the development of untaking a business. But it depends on very complicated conditions in the process of raising development level of untaking a business. There are very complex relationships of entrepreneurial capacity and entrepreneurial efforts.They can change into each other under certain conditions. There is not one correspondence relationship between entrepreneurial efforts and development performance of untaking a business. Entrepreneurial capabilities include innovation capacity, the ability to identify and exploit opportunities, the ability to create and use networks of entrepreneurs, the ability to rent-seeking ability and learning ability etc, while innovation capacity consist of technological innovation capability, product innovation capability, market innovation capability , organizational innovation capability and institution innovation capability. Corresponding with these entrepreneurial efforts and entrepreneurial capabilities, entrepreneurship could perform the corresponding functions, the most important ones are to innovative function and untaking a business functions.There are two types of formation mechanism of entrepreneurship, which are explicit competing mechanism and implicit interchange mechanism.Individual level entrepreneurship manifest in the development process of untaking a business, while the development of untaking a business is based on a career of selecting entrepreneurs. Theoretically speaking, entrepreneurial efforts and entrepreneurial capacity are able to improve the development performance of untaking a business. The higher entrepreneurial productive effort level, or the lower non-productive efforts level , and the higher development performance of untaking a business. All kinds of entrepreneurial capability, include innovation capacity, the ability to identify and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities, the ability to create and use entrepreneurial networks , the ability to rent-seeking ability and learning ability, can contribute to the development of untaking a business. The empirical results show that the poor performance of most SMEs in China is due to lacking of some entrepreneurial ability , such as product innovation ability, market innovation ability, organizational innovation ability, system innovation ability, the ability to identify and make use of opportunities, the ability to manage knowledge, learning ability, the ability to avoid the adverse loss and rent-seeking ability so on. It needs some channels in order to foster entrepreneurial capability. First,learning by doing of entrepreneurs; second,organizating trade associations; third, strengthening training of untaking a business.Corporate entrepreneurship include the support of senior managers, the bridge role of middle managers, the effort for fostering entrepreneurial capability of human capital, the effort for adapting to external environment and corporate entrepreneurial capability, which impact straightly on corporate economic development. Corporate entrepreneurial ability affects corporate economic development,which manifest as fostering corporate resource capabilities,core competencies and dynamic capabilities. There are some conclusions derived from empirical analysis. If corporate entrepreneurship has brought many changes within the company, it will have a negative impact on corporate expecting development performance. If corporate dynamic capabilities are stronger, the company will change continually capabilities as the basis of competitive advantage,and it have a negative impact on corporate current development performance. The degree of team network of senior management embedding in the corporate network and the degree of team network heterogeneity and the degree of team network continuity are the opposite direction relationship with corporate expecting development performance. So entrepreneurship counter- measures to promote corporate economic development are to encourag senior management supporting corporate entrepreneurship,to encourag middle managers playing a bridge role, to foster human capital's entrepreneurial ability,to raise corporate resource capabilities,to raise corporate core competencies and to raise corporate dynamic capabilities.At present entrepreneurship in the industry level is first showed that double shift trend of international industry provide opportunities for the upgrading of industrial chain in China. Then it is showed industrial undertaked provide possible for the upgrading of industrial chain in China. Divided in accordance with whether R & D industry chain lying in the domestic, industry chain in China has appeared in four kinds of patterns,that is,Z type and L type and I type andΓtype.Using evolution process of these four forms successively and applying inframarginal analysis method,we enhanced the utility model of upgrading entrepreneurship of manufacturing industry chain. We found that the main variables impacting manufacturing industry chain in China are export labor productivity,import labor productivity,export demand price elasticity,import demand price elasticity and transacting efficiency. Only by raising export labor productivity and increasing transaction efficiency it is to upgrad manufacturing industry chain. The raising of transaction efficiency depends on the construction of infrastructure facilities which China has had brilliant achievements and whose improving continually being relatively easy. But increasing of export labor productivity depends on the upgrading of the industrial chain. In general, it can only start from the integration of industrial chain. Therefore, the upgrading of the manufacturing industry chain need majorly play entrepreneurship in three ways. First, the integration of R & D and production ;second, the integration of supply chain; third, the increasing of effective demand promoted.Regional competitiveness is the capacity of a country or region to obtain rapid and sustainable economic growth. If there are more intensive entrepreneurship, regional competitiveness is more strengthen than others. Entrepreneurship capital include the regional innovation efforts and regional innovation capacity. Regional innovation efforts are primarily manifested as the increasing of R & D SMEs thus forming R & D industrial clusters. The R & D industrial clusters can reduce production costs and low transaction costs and facilitate knowledge spill and provide more opportunities for entrepreneurs, so it can enhance regional competitiveness. However, the enhancing of region competitiveness must base on entrepreneur's wealth and social status utility maximization. Through the establishment of an utility maximization model of entrepreneurial wealth and social status, we found that entrepreneurial labor supply will generate a balance between the general labor and entrepreneurial effort. Regional innovation capability include five elements,that is, knowledge creation abilities,knowledge flow ability,corporate innovation capacity,innovation environment and innovation performance. By selecting empirical measure indexes of entrepreneurship and using weighted least squares regression,we found that innovation environment had a significant impact on regional competitiveness in entrepreneurship capital in 2007,and that entrepreneurship capital such as technical coefficients, R & D industrial clustering,knowledge creation capacity,knowledge flow capacity and innovative environment so on had a significant impact on regional competitiveness in 2008. Therefore,it should further increase industrial clustering,knowledge creation capability,knowledge mobility,enterprise innovation ability and innovation environment to enhance regional competitiveness.Entrepreneurship at the macro level is one at the national level, which is mainly to provide institution supporting or carrying out institution innovation for the switching of economic development model. Economic development practice in China shows that low-end product export-oriented economic development model can not guarantee sustainable economic development and that public-good investment-oriented economic development model has not produced the effect desired. Therefore, economic development in China must rely on domestic-demand-pulled economic development model and high-end product export-oriented economic development model. The switching process of economic development model is essentially continuous game of acting between government and entreprises, or a consecutive game between macro-level entrepreneurship and micro-level entrepreneurship. In the process of continuous game between government and enterprises, the decision-making of two sides will produce the unaccounted amount of information which is called entropy, so the game between the government and enterprises is a game with entropy. If the government and enterprises were using a hybrid strategy for zero-sum game, the conservative way of government and enterprises are striving for the best win expect in the worst case in the game, which must exist an equilibrium solution. In the switching process of economic development model to the domestic-demand- pulled economic development model and high-end products export-oriented economic development model, these game with entropy focused on four areas which are the transformation of government functions and the change of economic development objectives and the convert of social structure and the turn of demand and supply conditions. In the games of these areas, the government must take action to change their functions as a first-mover,which is the macro-level entrepreneurship. As a result, the countermeasure of macro-level entrepreneurship about the transformation of economic development model include to change the macro targets of regulate and control and to reduce micro-intervention in the economy and to improve the mechanisms of evaluation performance and to determine the direction of playing entrepreneurship at the national level.