| National universities are those that are invested and established by the nation. In its broad sense, national university is a part of public universities; in the narrow sense, national universities are run by the nation (the running funds are from the central finance) and managed by the central government, different from those public universities whose funning funds are from the local finance and managed by the local governments. Starting with the modern national universities in China, this dissertation makes a detailed interpretation of the role national universities play through analyzing their features, positions and influences in different historical periods; it also probes into the establishment and development of national universities in the world. With all the discussion the dissertation attempts to analyze the development of national universities affiliated to the Ministry of Education of China.Chinese universities of the modern nature appeared in the end of the 19th century and came to an end in 1949, and finally developed into a pattern with the coexistence of national universities, public universities and private universities. The modern Chinese national universities underwent 2 stages in the process of the development: the embryo stage and development stage. After the founding of People's Republic of China,"most universities were subordinated to different ministries of the central government; then a higher education management system was established, according to which universities were under the control of both central and local governments and were mainly managed by local governments". It analyzes the advantages of universities affiliated to the Ministry of Education in location, cultural tradition, cultivation objective and social influence.The dissertation makes a comprehensive and systematic study of national universities (American public universities) in 4 representative countries. First, it investigates into the development of Russian national universities against the background of social transformation (China has undergone similar social transformation, but it was gradual, not like the dramatic one of Russia), and points out the tendency of reform and development of Russian national universities. Second, it details the position and influence of Japanese national universities that are in clear categorization of national, public and private universities; it analyses the background, content and tendency of reform in Japanese national universities before discussing whether the ownership of Japanese national universities will remain unchanged. Third, it summarizes the features and position of German national universities by probing into German universities from which the modern national universities originate; it analyzes the reform and development of German universities which mainly consist of national universities. Finally, it discusses why there are no national universities in America and describes and analyzes the different roles assumed by public and private universities in the U.S.On the basis of analyzing the necessity of developing universities according to the categories they belong to, the dissertation concludes that 4 kinds of universities are to be established: national, provincial, municipal and private universities. It stresses that national universities can really shoulder their due responsibilities when they operate under the control of government and at the same time enjoy certain freedom. Besides, it interprets the role of national universities in 4 aspects:"national team"in higher education, national cultivation bases for high-level talents, important contributors to the national innovative system and nation-wide higher education providers. National universities shall serve the general interests of the nation and reflect the national education level in cultivating talents, developing science and serving the society. Meanwhile, national universities should do something to safeguard and maintain the equality of higher education and prevent localization.
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