| Treading on the historical footprints, the dissertation catches the three qualitative changing points in the history of Russian educational development, aiming at revealing the"Violent Reform"pattern and"Uncertainty"pattern that Russia has formed historically, through a research on"Europeanization"educational reform of Tsar Russia,"Sovietization"educational reform of the Soviet Union, and"Westernization"educational reform of contemporary Russia, and based on this, analyzing the expressive features of these two educational reform patterns, and exploring the historical and cultural reasons for their formation.In the context of modernization, this dissertation divides the history of Russian education into three periods, namely the Tsar Russia, the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russia. During the three periods, social reform took an influence and restriction on educational reform, and thus educational reform of each period presented the features of"Violent Reform"and"Uncertainty", similar to the social reform. Then, how did the"Violent Reform"pattern and"Uncertainty"pattern come into being? This is the key problem of this dissertation.This dissertation is divided into six parts, including the introduction and five chapters.The first three chapters introduce the social and educational reform condition in such three stages as the Tsar Russia, the Soviet Union, and the contemporary Russia according to time division of Russian educational reform, and summarize the guiding ideology and reform measures of each period. The comparison between before and after each reform highlights the common feature of"Violent Reform". The feature of cultural"Uncertainty"can also be presented in the Russian educational reform. Chapter four and chapter five give the deep analysis for the patterns of"Violent Reform"and"Uncertainty"in Russian education reform.The first chapter dissertates on"Europeanization"educational reform of Tsar Russia. The education of Tsar Russia was very poor before the reform of Peter the Great. Because the merchants desperately wanted to trade with Western Europe and the Tsar Russian needed to export badly, Peter the Great regarded"Rich Country with a Strong Military"as the aim of social and educational reform. Feudal serfdom and autocratic monarchy were the main contents of feudalism. The continuation of Serfdom economy coexisted with the emergence of capitalism economy. Tsar Russia's"Europeanization"educational reform was presented as secular education and educational equality. The reform of Peter the Great and Catherine II of Russia began to carry out secular education and democratic education, opening up Russian education modernization.The second chapter dissertates on"Sovietization"educational reform of the Soviet Union. First, this chapter introduces the conditions of that turbulent society with serious class and national conflict before the October Revolution. Hierarchy and double-track system were the prominent features of that period. Lenin seized the great revolution opportunity brought by the First World War, led the Russian proletariat, and built a new type of socialist state by proletarian dictatorship through violent revolution. In order to foster the new socialist man, the soviet government took the moral education, collectivism and labor education as the guiding ideology. The proletariat put forward the soviet pedagogy and established unified labor school while they criticized capitalist education.The third chapter dissertates on"Westernization"educational reform of contemporary Russia. At first, this chapter illustrates the social condition before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and presents the negation of"Westernization"in the political system transformation and economical system transformation from planned economy to market economy in the early days of contemporary Russia. The guiding ideology of Russian"Westernization"educational reform was educational"socialization"and"Privatization"."Westernization"educational reform in Yeltsin period was very obvious because of diversification of school operators, diversification of funding investment, personification of educational principles and democratization of educational management.The fourth and fifth chapters are the key chapters, which analyze the features and causes of the two educational reform patterns --"Violent Reform"and"Uncertainty"from historical and cultural perspective. The fourth chapter analyzes the feature of"Violent Reform"educational reform pattern which formed historically; Tsar Russia opened up the educational modernization; Soviet Union established socialist educational system; the contemporary Russia began to implement educational modernization with Russian characteristics. From the perspective of the reform result, the reform of each period is subversive, which denied its preceding educational system and tried to establish a new one; from the perspective of the reform process, the education reform was"Violent"practiced from the top to the bottom. This chapter probed into the causes of"Violent Reform"pattern from such three aspects as the centralization of the leadership, the superiority of the nation and the obedience of the people.The fifth chapter analyzes the route feature of"Uncertainty"educational reform pattern in different historical periods: the route of education reform from"East"to"West"in the era of Tsar Russia, the route of"Anti-Westernization"in the period of the Soviet Union, and the route of"Western-oriented Russia"in contemporary Russia. Based on this, this chapter analyzes cultural factors from the subjective and objective aspects for the"Uncertainty"educational reform pattern: the national inclination of being extreme and the uncertainty of cultural belonging. |
