| That social harmony is the essence of the socialism with Chinese characteristics was pointed out in the Decision on Major issues on Building a Harmonious Socialist Society by CPC Central Committee passed on The 6th Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee. As the relationship between different interests is the most basic relationship in the human society, the harmony of interests relations is the important foundation of the harmony of the society. Maintaining a harmonious relationship between different interests is the essential demand in the construction of the harmonious socialist society. In modern China, the group of rural residents is still the interests'party with the largest population and at the same time, the largest social vulnerable group. Thus it is only through fully understanding and accurately handling the interests appeals of the farmers and on the basis of building harmonious rural residents'interests'relations that can we arouse farmers'enthusiasm, initiative and creativity more effectively and form formidable resultant social force and lay deep and solid foundation for building a harmonious socialist society on the basis of pushing forward the construction of harmonious rural areas. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the issues on relation harmony of china rural residents'interests. This dissertation aims to carry out a systematic review over the issues concerning farmers'interests in the 60 years since the foundation of the P.R.C. with the guidance of Marxist Economics theories, comprehensive utilization of various economics theories and methodologies such as institutional economics and health economics, and the entry point of relations between interests. The major viewpoints and content of the dissertation can be concluded as follows:Chapter One, introduction. In this chapter, the relevant background, significance, research prospect, methodology, structure of the dissertation, and possible innovation and shortcomings are introduced.Chapter Two, literature Review and Brief Comments. In the beginning of this chapter, the concept and research scope of the key terms in the dissertation such as "rural residents, interests, relations between different interests, relations between different interests of rural residents" were defined and then theories on interests of farmers of Marxist classic writers and their development in China were reviewed. After that, brief statement and comments were given concerning thoughts on interests coordination of western scholars and in the end of this chapter, a portrait present of China's traditional views on justice and benefits as well as its new development in the modern and contemporary times. Abundant theoretical evidence accumulated solid theories for further research on the contemporary interests'relation of China rural Residents.Chapter Three, reflect on the History for guidance in the future. The development process of interests'relations of China's rural residents since the establishment of the C.P.C is analyzed. The 60 years since the foundation of C.P.C was divided into three major historical periods.1. The Planned Economy PeriodDuring that period of time, the economic system of our country was socialist planned economy and its prominent feature was that it's based on the common ownership of means of production, highly integrated property rights and operation rights. Subsequently, public ownership was the only interests source and the state distributes resources and interests through administrative measures. Under such interests distribution structure, the nation's interests absolutely outweigh collective and personal interests and the benefits were highly inclined and centralized to the nation while the interests between individuals tends to be equalized under overall control and coordination. But through the embracive planned system, the government only reached low level equality within residents in urban areas and rural areas themselves, i.e. the so-called "common poverty". And what matters the most is that phenomenon such as uneven income and unfair benefits were still common in the social and economic life. The uneven distribution of rural residents'interests were manifested exteriorly in the interests gap between residents in urban areas and those in rural areas and interiorly in the overall equalization of rural residents'interests but gradual unequalization between that of rural residents in different areas. The former is mainly resulted by the invasion of government-oriented urban residents over rural residents'interests while the latter was on the one hand, directly resulted by the invasion of the government interests of rural residents and invasion of slovens over active workers'interests and on the other hand strengthening the invasion phenomenon. A bidirectional cause and effect relationship was formed and its direct consequence in reality is the sharp decline of farmers'motivation and the serious obstruction of rural development potential. To analyze the major reasons leading to the inharmony of interests'relations among rural residents in that period of time, the impacts and restrictions of the 5 factors such as price, institutional system, development strategy and land system should never be neglected.2. The Economic Transformation PeriodAlong with the transform from planned economy to market economy, changes quietly took place in the interests relations among rural residents. The income gap between urban and rural areas was rapidly enlarged and the parties involved in the interests distribution were multiple and the relations of interests became more complicated. Viewed from the exterior of the rural area, the restrictions of the planned economic economy were gradually smashed, the development potential of various economic entities, including the rural areas were rapidly released, the economy rapidly grew and the social wealth sharply increased. But the shift of the economic system did not evidently improve the dual structure of our country, but on the other way round, the urban-rural gap was continuously enlarged while the interests gap between residents in urban and rural areas were rapidly increased accordingly. No matter it is from the viewpoint of the per capita consumption expenditure, absolute disparity, or relative disparity, evident gap between urban and rural residents during the transaction period actually exists and the gap tends to continuously expand.At the same time, the interests gap between urban and rural areas can also be manifested evidently in other aspects such as education, social security, etc. Viewed from the interior reasons, the interests gap within the rural residents were steadily increasing and accompanying the transfer of resource distribution rights from the nation to the provinces, compared with the planned economy, local governments began to gain greater decision-making rights concerning development of local economy. Because of the great differences in the economic and resource foundation of different areas, the development of local economy was continuously demonstrating an unbalanced feature and the living standards and interests gaining of local residents were also different. Thus the gap of interests among local residents emerged. To analyze the reasons of the above interests discrepancy among rural residents, major points such as the city-priority resource distribution, restrictions of the dual structure, implementation of key development strategies, the household contract responsibility system, and the impact of the new view of justice and benefits and view of values formed in the transformation process should never be neglected.3. Socialist Market Economy PeriodAfter the bell rang in the new century, the living standards of urban and rural residents moved to a new stage, however, the gap between different interests parties has been enlarged. The realistic performance of the relations of the rural residents' interests in this period of time is still demonstrated in the three aspects of between urban and rural areas, between different areas and inside the rural area itself. To be specific, the develop trend of last period continued and the interests gap between urban and rural residents, between different areas and inside the rural area itself. That the interests gap is not timely reversed and the conflicts become more prominent in the new stage of the new century, is caused by three major reasons:(1), the influence of the old system can not be thoroughly eliminated in a short period of time; (2), the regional economic gap formed in the transformation period continued to enlarge; (3), the strengthen of the interests notion and sense of power under the new situations.Chapter Four, the importance of establishment of harmonious relationships among rural residents.This chapter emphasizes the importance of establishment of harmonious relationships among rural residents. Two special cases from modern time are selected as historical investigation.1. Taiping Rebellion. As a typical example of crises led by the imbalances among the farmers'interests, it can negatively reflect the improperness of dealing with farmer's interests, and the economic and social destructions caused by farmer's interests.2. Rural reforms of XiaoGang in Anhui Province. On the contrary it can be used as a positive example for the harmonious development among the farmer's interests. By the systematic analysis of the two typical cases, it can be concluded that when the farmers'interests are protected highly and effectively, or at least basically, the relationships among the farmers' interests will be stable and at a stage of temporary steadiness; on the contrary, when the farmers'interests are violated or seriously damaged, the farmer's interests will be imbalanced, temporary steadiness will be smashed, agricultural and rural developments will be stagnated and back up, and the whole economy will be covered. Especially when the imbalance reaches to an extreme, adjustment will be adopted at a extreme way and be re-established in a pattern of interest, which will have a great impact on productivity and economic sustainable development. If the struggle goes beyond the limit, it will cause reforms of the relation of production or even change the whole social layout. So whether the relationships among the farmer's interests are harmonious not only has a great effect on the rural economic development and improvement and advancement of farmer's life qualities, and the whole national economic development and social advancement as well.Further, on the basis of the relevant theoretical study of the establishment of harmonious farmer's interests and the function in scientific development and the position in establishing harmonious society, it re-emphasizes the importance of the harmonious among farmer's interestChapterâ…¤, empirical research on benefit-based relationships of resident in rural areas of China. This chapter mainly empirically studies the income gap among the rural residents and between the urban residents and the rural residents, then makes analysis with game theory about benefit-based relationships of farmers during the arrangement of farmland which is vital for the farmer's benefit.First, studying income gap among the rural residents with Lorenz curve. Income is the most important economic index for measuring the gained benefit. Therefore, this chapter measures the income gap among rural residents with Lorenz curve, so as to get the most direct evidence of gained benefit difference among rural residents. The analysis suggests:the inner potential of development in rural areas was not fully utilized at the beginning of the reform, so the distribution of benefit among rural areas tend to be averaging, In the following ten years, owing to the implementation of family contract responsibility system, the income of farmers grows greatly. However, for many factors and conditions, the income gap also become greater rapidly, so the Lorenz curve also expands; from 1991 to 2000, the rural areas develop steadily, and income gap continue expand with a slow growth rate. So degree of crook of the Lorenz curve mainly keeps the trend of expanding; from 2001 to 2008, the income gap keeps stable with a trend of slight decrease. However, from an overall perspective, the degree of crook of Lorenz curve expands greatly after the reform, which means the income gap become greater quickly. There are many reasons, but the first inductive factor of expanding gap is the change of system and mechanism after the reform.Second, investigating the income gap between urban and rural residents based on Theil index. After investigating the interior income gap among rural residents, the exterior investigation on that among urban residents is a very important complement of balancing the incomes and profits of rural residents. The results illustrate that the general tendency of total income gap between urban and rural residents is increasingly rising and expanding from 1980 to 2008, while the gap has not been controlled effectively and become worsening after 2000. However, such expansion is differentiating, compared with the influence on expansion of total income gap between urban and rural residents, the interior income gap among rural residents is less influential, therefore the main cause of that is the continuous expansion of income gap between urban and rural residents. Hence, we must focus on the rapid improvement of the incomes of rural residents, restrict the drastic expansion of income gap between urban and rural residents and decrease the gap between urban and rural areas.Third, investigation on relationship of rural residents'interests during the vicissitude of farmland system. The land is the necessity of life and survival for farmers. Therefore, the third part analyses the relationship of farmers'interests in the vicissitude of farmland system through constructing Game Model and holds that under the conditions of feudal land system, the competitions of interests between landlords and farmers are antagonistic and the interests of the two parties are absolutely opposite, which means that the increase of the interests of landlords will surely result in the decrease of the interests of farmers and vice verse. After the land reform, private land ownership in the rural area was established. The rivals of interests there changed from landlords and peasants to farmers. Under the socialist conditions, the interests of farmers were basicly consistent so competitions among farmers were not antagonistic but nonantagonistic. As a result, the gap of their interests decreased and they helped each other spontaneously due to the lack of capital goods and became cooperative. With the implementation of the socialist transformation, The spontaneity of mutual cooperation groups gradually died away. From the junior cooperative community to the senior to the establishment of people's commune system, the interests of farmers were infringed deeper and deeper. During this period of time, the government attached much importance to the national and political interests by power of enforcement but paid less attention to the interests of farmers, and such equilibrium can't last long. Then, campaign of "contract production quotas to individual households" launched spontaneously by farmers broke the equilibrium completely and the new game on interests between the government and farmers began. Since the economic interests were the essential part of national interests, the high consistency between national demands for the developments of agriculture and improvement of living standards of farmers led to the win-win situation, and reached Pareto Optimum. As a consequence, the Household Contract Responsibility System has developed smoothly for quite a while and been a fundamental policy of CPC in rural areas.Chapter Six, strategic choices for establishing the harmonious relationships among farmer's interests. On the basis of the relevant emphases, this chapter focuses the strategic choices for establishing the harmonious relationships among farmer's interests. from adding rural residents'incomes, consummating rural land system, establishing rural social protective system, widening expressive channel, to setting up proper coordinated mechanism. |
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