| After the end of the Cold War, the bipolar world structure disintegrated. The world is in the great transitional period. The World Order is also faced with peaceful change and reconstruction. Figuring new world order suitable for human being's survival and sustainable development and shared interests and security, which is important topic and realistic choice we must carry though theoretical research. Through the study of contrast and analysis on internal structure, fundamental characteristic, driving mechanism and value trend of the pattern of world order existed in history, such as the order of ancient empire, the order of neoteric European multipolar balance of power, Hegemonic Order of Great Powers of 20th century, the article tries to explore internal developmental rule of world order. The conclusion is that world order is adaptive to the world's developmental level of economy. That is to say, the world order corresponding with military period is the order of ancient empire, compulsion as characteristic. World order corresponding with the period of capitalist economy developing quickly is the order of European multipolar balance of power. World order corresponding with the period of knowledge economy is new order of international cooperation. Multipolar balance structure as structural base, multilateral coordination as driving mechanism, interest coordination and shared security as value trend, new order of international cooperation constructs under the background of globalization. Its function will achieve global governance step by step to realize human being's peace, security and sustainable development. The dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter â… . The Theory and Method of Studies on the Pattern of World Order The theory and method of studies on the pattern of world order is important aspect of research of world order and recognition and exploration to world order. Therefore, this chapter mainly discusses world order's theoretical paradigm and methodology of realism, liberalism and constructivism, dominated in the theory and method of studies on the pattern of world order at present. The paper generalizes important role, status and limitation of them in the theoretical research of international relation, esp. in the world order's theoretical research. Based on absorbing reasonablely theoretical essence of realism, liberalism and constructivism in western theory of international relation, the essential characteristic of international relation as start point of analyzing problem, the paper thinks that Westphalia pattern that state is major actors in the international society hasn't changed ultimately. Also, the paper attaches importance to the role and limitation of international organization and international law in the world order. The paper pays attention to the role of common value idea, such as interest coordination and shared security of new secure idea's value ration. Therefore, my angle of view and method of theoretical analysis is multiple. The paper pays equal attention to power and moral on the rational construction of new world order. Theory and method the paper adopted is historical analysis and structuralism. Chapter â…¡. The Order of Ancient Empire "Empire is typical political form all along in the great mass of developmental process and historical evolution of human being". The polity of empire has important status of human being's developmental history of world politics before universal liberation of independent nation-state. It as center, empire threw august domination to peripheral kingdom, polis and small state in definite realm. Therefore, empire as center, the hierachically international system formed. Empire carried out compulsive domination to state in its system. And so, the order of empire of hegemonic domination formed. This chapter mainly discusses internal structure, fundamental characteristic and value trend. During the period of empire, the mainly decisive factor of empire society was structure of social economy based agriculture. Socialization of fortune and national strength were decided by the exploitation to farmer and serf. The resource of economic surplus lay on the size of empire's territory. Therefore, branching out territory to enlarge the domain of political control became the main characteristic of international politics in thisperiod, which decided that the fundamental characteristic of early empire's order was three aspects as the following: empire's center as regnant centre of circle within definite territorial domain; hierachical dominant system of power; compulsive power rule. Based on the basis of slavery and feudality, empire's order was adaptive to the requirement of productivity's developmental level and its social development during that period. But with the elapse of the time, the development of productivity demanded superstructure corresponding. So, the order of empire didn't adapt the developmental requirement of society. It blocked the development of society. Chapter â…¢. The Order of Neoteric European Multipolar Balance of Power This chapter mainly discusses that the order of neoteric European multipolar balance of power came into being with the sprout and development of capitalist economy. With the process of industrial revolution and the development of capitalist country, they constituted world order, nation-state as main actors and multipolar balance of power structure as base. The order confirmed the principle of state sovereignty and a series of behavioral norms of international relation, and established the base of international law. It had important influence on the coming and development. We still need to use its principle, thoughts and the rational cores of mechanism of the balance of power for reference in today's constructing new world order. Of course, the value trend of order of multipolar balance of power was coordination and balancing struggling for power of European powers. Chapter â…£. Hegemonic Order of Great Powers in the 20th The essence of hegemonic order is struggling for regional or even world hegemony. The value of it is seeking for security and state interest of hegemonic power. European powers of imperialism not only had the characteristic of modern countries, but also had something in common with ancient empire. Because layered sovereignty usually included, from entire colony to autonomy and protectorate. Therefore, contemporary hegemonic order of great power embodies some same characteristic of hierachical governance system between imperialism power and ancient empire. At the same time, these Caesarean powers had different characteristic with ancient empire. They broke ancient pattern. In fact, they were colonial empire. Thecolonial system was the core of hegemonic order of regional powers from the end of 19th to pre-World War â…¡. Colonialism system was hegemonic rule of great powers. Colonialism not only has been power system of western powers seeking for nation-interest, but also the mechanism recognized by internal and international law step by step since 15th. The essence of World War â… was that capitalism running to imperialistic stage, the outcome of imbalance of imperialistic development of politics and economy. The reason of World War â…¡was due to fascistic countries trying to change the system of Versaille-Washington affirmed by post-World War â… by the way of war and to refigure the hegemonic order of regional powers. The two superpowers, U.S.A. and former Soviet, struggled for world hegemony. Thus the Cold War structure of bipolar hegemonic order formed after the World War â…¡, entire rivalry from politics, economy and military. America tries to figure uni-polar hegemonic order ruled by itself after the end of Cold War. Chapter â…¤. New Order of international cooperation in the 21st century Through deep discussion on order of ancient empire, the order of neoteric European multipolar balance of power, Hegemonic Order of Great Powers of the 20th century in the above chapters, using the methodology of historical analysis and dialectic developmental idea to make a comparative and analytic method, we can draw a impersonal conclusion that world order in different stage is consistent with developmental level of productivity in that period, and under the restriction of it. The economic base of world order in the period of agricultural economy, industrial economy and knowledge economy is different. At the same time, world order also influenced and restricted by factors of international strength structure and great power's relation, etc. The value trend of ancient empire's order was establishing regional or world hegemony. The essence of empire's order was extending territory externally by wars and power reign. The economic base corresponding was agricultural society. Empire's order relied on controlling the size of territory and orbit to expand hegemony and reveal its strength. The order of neoteric European multipolar balance of power established adaptive to idea requirement of capitalistic economic development, equal sovereignty and independent nation. Relatively balance and compromise of strength among Europeanpowers ultimately achieved. The order of multipolar balance of power came into being. And a series of behavioral norms of international relation affirmed. With capitalism running to imperialistic stage, the battle for distributive market and raw and producing area of processed materials was more and more tense. Thus the characteristic of contemporary hegemonic order of great powers was that empire powers battled for colony and divided orbit. However, uni-polar hegemonic order is scheme and twisty reflection that some superpower wants historic pattern of empire's reign to reappear in the new era. With increasing development of human being's society, we have come into the 21st century, which is a period of knowledge economy of technological revolution changing quickly. There are many new problems challenge to us, such as environmental protection, balance of zoology, beating terrorism, etc. These problems need human being making concerted effort and confronting them together. They can't be resolved only by one country. Furthermore, the development of globalization makes more and more interdependent among countries. To seek for cooperation, mutual benefit and profit each by way of agreement, with an eye to global interest is great trend of human being's society. Therefore, new world order, adaptive to demand of social development in the period of knowledge economy, only is new order of democratic international cooperation. The era of international relation dominated by essential rivalry of capitalistic and socialistic ideology ended after the end of Cold War. The prime status of foreign policy is replaced by national interest again. Elimination of essential rivalry of ideology opens up channels for natural communion and development of world economy, and provides chance for international cooperation. Of course, the essence of countries seeking for national interest decides that relationship among countries will be relation of cooperation and competition. Economic globalization deepens relation of internationally interdependence, enlarges the base of countries seeking for common interest and international cooperation. And at the same time, it pricks up international competition and conflict. Therefore, for the sake of world peace and development, constructing new world order of 21st century is an important task faced by human being. Constructing whatever new world order is great topic lay in our eyes. Each country imagines pattern of new world order, which establishes its theoretical base. The theoretical pattern of new world ordercomparatively representative in American scholars is hegemonic stability and democratic peace. However, China and Russia, etc. claim establishing just, rational and democratic new world order. So, we think that the pattern of new world order under this thought guidance should be new world order of international cooperation. That is new world order of democratic cooperation, based on multipolar balance of power, international law as behavior norms of international relation, equal ideal as guidance. We sum the core characteristic of this new world order is that strength structure of multipolar balance of power, international system of multilateral coordination, coordination of interest and value trend of shared security. This is impersonal demands of historic development and realistic choice we must make in the era of globalization. Due to the lack of the highest center authority in the international society, that is to say, the existence of anarchical state, the essential characteristic of international politics hasn't changed at all. National interest and security are still the prime aim pursued by each country. Therefore, the nation-state are still the major actors of international politics. Multipolar balance of power, surpassed the tradition is important means to balancing uni-polar hegemony. With the development of international organization, international regime and international system become the important guarantee, coordinating interest conflict among countries and making maximum benefit to each other. Internal structure, moving mechanism and value trend of new world order in the 21st century will decide its function is to realize global governance step by step, and realize human being's peace, security and sustainable development. |
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