| During the process of committing himself to the revolutionary cause, Sun Yat-sen kept on reading and writing widely. He had long drawn from Chinese learning along with Western learning and new learning along with old learning so as to form the very source of his revolutionary thought, to gradually deposit and materialize it into texts, to form rich writings and to become a precious fortune in modern Chinese history.In the eras of Late Qing and the Northern Warlords Government of the Republic of China (ROC), however, because Mr.Sun was the chief of rebel party,his works was forced to be secretly published because of being allegedly involved in "heresy", "Red" and hindrance to public security. After Sun's death, the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP) established by him gradually transformed from a revolutionary party into a party in power, while Sun himself was changed from a formerly wanted major criminal to the father of the ROC. Meanwhile the CNP passed a series of resolutions so as to establish Sun's thought as that of an era from individually to collectively----the supreme basic law of ROC, and to raise it to an ideology.To achieve its aim of constructing an ideology, the CNP divinized Sun's works as the Bible by mass edition, and gradually established a comparatively complete system of popularization that integrated print, publication and publishing. It not only revised Sun's original works into many forms for publication, but also edited, printed and published expository works for them. Moreover, they were translated into many languages for publication. The edition, publication and popularization of Sun's works became a content of the administration of the Nationalist Government at Nanjing from Centre to regions.After the outburst of the Anti-Japan War, in the form of "apportion", the Propaganda Ministry and the Youth League of Three Principles of the People of the CNP started the movement of collection of printing millions of volumes of Teaching Left by Premier Sun Yat-sen and Three Principles of the People.Due to the advocate from the CNP government, Sun's works became a striking symbol with giant rallying point in the market of book publication. Consequently beyond the authorities, non-government institutions went with the flow to cater for the intention of the CNP government, and published Sun's works in large quantity too. The publication of Sun's works under the cross interaction between government and non-government experienced the process from secret to public, from non-governmental domination to governmental one, from rejective to active then to passive print undertaking. The publication of Sun's works at the era of Nanjing National Government demonstrated the basic characters of many publication agencies, long lasting time, various kinds of versions, and different forms of contentsMeanwhile, the Nationalist Government at Nanjing completely showed state power, got help from state strength to propagandize Sun Yat-sen's political theory through editing and printing books and magazines, distributing leaflets, speech propaganda, art propaganda, social education, reading movement, pasting posters, shouting slogans, and modern media, etc.especially launching a series of actions for popularizing it in the ranges of education, academy and publication. They either wanted to equalize it to general truth with neutral or alluding words, or guided the whole society to read Sun's works, offered the government-approved "useful study", and tried to "persuade" the whole nation to accept and believe in Sun's Three Principles of the People. What they were "processing" was not only knowledge but also human beings.Under the cooperative promotion from all the social ranks including politicians, educators, publishers, celebrities and scholars, the ideology promoted by the Nationalist Government at Nanjing gradually spread to all corners of society, caused the organic overlapping of daily life and politics so as to form the constitutional part of the ordinary people's life.During the process, however, Three Principles of the People that had been carefully revised by Sun before was offered something bogus and full of mistakes in the later process of publication. The Propaganda Department of the CNP Central Committee changed undertaking charges on the publication of Sun's works gradually from completely to partially and finally to nothing Secondly, the widely divided explanations to Sun's works in the CNP kept on endowing it with "new" meanings. Meanwhile, the reading of Sun's works gradually developed from individual to collective, from autonomous to coercive, from active to passive Thirdly, because the Nationalist Government at Nanjing had many problems in funds, organization, strategy and the process of practical propaganda, the problems existing in the popularization, publicity and execution caused Sun's works to be continuously twisted and exploited in the space-time of history so as to evolve a series of "others" including a symbol, a ritual, a mark,What was more crucial, Sun's grand blueprint was not implemented in concrete practice, whose result was that, although the CNP tried to achieve the aim of "enlightening" the masses for their belief in Three Principles of the People through the propaganda of Sun's doctrine, it in fact was deconstructing such a concept in practical administration. During the process of understanding the doctrine and expecting its achievement, people gradually turned to the standpoint of "anti-enlightenment". The tension between "producers" and "consumers" of Sun's works resulted in a backfire, i.e. the ideological propaganda with the starting point of uniting minds harvested disordered minds and complicated opinions. Such a result was unable to form a united mind at all and finally changed the CNP-propagandized Three Principles of the People into an abstract word. The governmental credit endorsed by Sun's works was nearly lost in the giant contrast between texts and practice so that masses lost the belief in Three Principles of the People.An overall view of the publication and spread of Sun Yat-sen's works in the era of Nationalist Government at Nanjing shows that it organically and purposefully pointed to specific political aims and was a spiritual reformation of masses discourse by official discourse. It was a process that the CNP reestablished knowledge authority, constructed and meanwhile deconstructed ideology. |
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