Ming Dynasty Donated Satisfied

Recently, people realize that study Juana is important, especialy in Ming Dynasty. As anqle of view,this question is not only a piece of key in research of Ming era,but also helpful to know Qing's.The base of the sale of officer attained crest in Qing Dynasty.It is widely flitered inbureaucracy institution.The Qing's system mostly comes from Ming 's,so it is needly to study juana of Ming's.It was policies to ease financial crisis before Ming previously, which also had overall characteristics.Since Qin and Han Dynasty, Juana gradually stride forward the stage of history for a special system. It was not disthroned until Song and Yuan Dynasty. It was not only treated as a good way to ease the financial difficulties by rulers,but also as adminicular elected officer to attract merchant prince to be in politics. At the same time , Juana was attacked by people for abuse. In Ming Dynasty, it was not overflow like the past, but had unprecedented universality in the number of implementation,and district and identity.This universality precisely lay the foundation for Qing Dynasty.Since Ming metaphase, social contradictions intensify. Corrupt rulers of the Ming Dynasty could not answer the sudden disaster problom. To be confronted with the stater of affairs, the rulers of Ming launch Juana,made up the short of finance. So Juana became indispensable system,disaster relief, even the work expense, salary and defray the money for the army. The develoment of Juana had the character of phase.in order to definitude the question. Juana was dispart as three phases.Counting, analyzing the Juana, we could conclude that accompanied by the develoment of the increasing number and the expanding geography, Juana had became so nationwide.It was important to investigate the proceeding of Juana. It had many clues, such as reputation,which was an important part. The officials bought title and imperial letters, shortly to carry out.Distinctively students at school in the city bought the qualifications for high school, high school students bought official and delegated official, and so on. The officials also bought election. Next, seeing about Juana goods, from grain, horse, grass to silver, we find this change is not isolated, which related to the advance, especially to the development of political and economic situation.The rulers attached importance to Juanna, which was an important base for Qing Dynasty to formed a sound management system. Mostly the Financial Institution and Works of Institution took charge for Juana, from making up policy to manage the money. For example, the Financial Institution made up the Juana ordinance, then sent to province after approval. People should take the Proof of identity to the procince,at last to Civil Appointment for obtaining the certificate.The colony who bought officer mostly was rich. Before it, those people had high prestige.After Juana, they became official class. Status change not only won the honor for their own, but also for their family that was also the matter of glory. Another major strength which built up by the students, became official through two ways, such as Keju or Boli. After all, different ways decided official position of inferiority or superiority.Since carried out by the government, it destroied bureaucracy, corrupts officials and examination system, civil law confusion, the proliferation of devices. Many ways point to the election officials.As a candidate for Supervisor of candidate, officials were also due to low quality. The educational status of Guoxue and the status of elected officials were undermined, Imperial College of Education and the style of study was very bad impact on study. Most abominable, baiding buy afficial.when they were appointment.Corruption and extortion had become its political purposes. Carrying out Juana made selling official winds prevailed and permeated in the community. The phenomenon of corruption and bribery was flooding. Phenomenons of false official were endless. Social ethos was gradually weak.According to analyzing negative impact, we also see the reasons that it exists many years not forbidden. The government also uses it to relieve disaster, supplement military expenditure, etc. From another angle of election law, it create test conditions for the students who have hardship in the civil service exam.