Pre - Qin More Than The Coexistence System Research

The system of multi-capital is a system that several capitals are established at the same time to the identical dynasty or the political power.Widespread and universal phenomenon of multi-capital exists in the pre-Qin period.According to "Modern Chinese Dictionary(Revised edition)" to system definition:"The system is refers to the system on politics,economy,culture and so on which forms under certain historical condition." We can know that the system may not only be written just as the record of Xizhou Dynasty's new capital Luo-yi,Jin Dynasty's Qu-wo" the less important capital" in the Spring and Autumn Period,Yah Dynasty's Wu-yang" the less important capital"＆Qi Dynasty's "five capitals" in the Period of Warring States,and so on;but also be unwritten just as the multi-capital system of Xia and Shang Dynasty as well as putting several capitals existing at the same time in practice but no record in the Spring and Autumn Period＆the Period of Warring States. Therefore,the author believed that,it has already risen to the system of multi-capital from the phenomenon of several capitals existing at the same time in pre-Qin period when is the source time of the certain system that influence to the later generation.There are three parts in this article:The first part is the l^st chapter- introduction.The author draws his thoughts in this chapter by analyzing and summing up the present research about this field.The second part is the body of this whole article which from 2^nd to 9^th chapters that recover the capitals establishment situation,the capitals class of eight dynasties(include Xia,Shang,Xizhou,Jin, Chu,Qin,Qi,Yan).Through to analysis the literature material of Xia and the corresponding archaeology material, The 2^nd chapter extrapolates that,it has the phenomenon of several capitals existing at the same time of Xia Dynasty,early period and later period.The 3^rd chapter discusses the Shang Dynasty's capital migration and the system of multi-capital.Analyzed from archaeology excavating,we know the capitals of Shang Dynasty's early term are the less important capital Yan-shi,which is Xi-bo in literature,and the important capital Zheng-zhou,which is Zheng-bo in literature.At Shang Dynasty's medium term,it may be put the system of holy capital＆secular capital in practice,which the secular capital migrates continuously when the holy capital fixes on one city.At later term of Shang Dynasty,An-yang is the important capital as well as "Tang's former capital" is less important capital when Chao-ge is a palace but not capital.The 4^th chapter discusses the establishment of several capitals and the change of capital's class in Xi-zhou Dynasty.The system of multi-capital is consist of Qi-zhou,Zong-zhou＆Cheng-zhou,in which each capital has different function and different class.Analysis from the capital function,it is clear that Qi-zhou is a holy capital with strong religious atmosphere when Zong-zhou is an administrative capital with undertaking the main capital function and Cheng-zhou is a frontier capital with strong military function;Analysis from the capital class,it is clear that Zong-zhou is important capital when Qi-zhou and Cheng-zhou are less important capitals with Qi-zhou'class lower gradually as well as Cheng-zhou's higher gradually.The 5^th chapter studies the system of multi-capital of Jin Dynasty.There are three stages in the development of Jin's capital:the first stage is from Shuyu to Jin Zhaohou,when Yi＆Jiang are the one capital which exists with an other capital Tang at the same time;the second stage is from Jin Zhaohou to Jin Jinggong when Qu-wo is Jin's holy capital and Jiang is the important capital;the third stage is from Jin Jinggong to the last monarch of Jin when Xin-tian is the new important capital and Qo-wo's holy class lower.The 6^th chapter discusses Qin's holy capital system and the multi-capital system.By the religious class of capital,it can be classified holy capital,which includes Xi-chui＆Yong,and secular capital,which includes others in different stage.By the military class of capital,it can be classified frontier capital,which is secular capital with established for extension territory,and rear capital,which is holy capital in general.Xi-chui and Yong both are holy capitals of Qin Dynasty.Through to analysis the literature,the 7^th chapter analyzes Chu Dynasty's capitals.The important capital is Nan-ying in the Period of Spring and Autumn and the Period of Warring States when several less important capitals are established to be strategic bases at north of Nan-ying,and the capital E is eastern gateway of Nan-ying.The 8^th chapter covers the system of multi-capital of Qi Dynasty in the Period of Spring and Autumn and the Period of Warring States.The conclusion is that Qi's long-term important capital is Lin-zi which plays the vital role on the respect politics and military,and other four capitals(include Gao-tang,Bo,Ping-lu,Ye-dian) are less important military ones.This way that to establish five capitals,is an effective method to control border area.The 9^th chapter discusses the system of multi-capital of Yah Dynasty.Ji-cheng is Yan's important capital for long time.At the Period of Warring States,Yi and Wu-yang both are less important capitals which established at the military cities for making war to other six countries south of Yan.The last part is the 10^th＆12^th chapter,the author discussed the development phase,the reason,＆the influence to the later generation of the system of multi-capital in Pre-Qin period.