Studing Q(?)rq(?)z History

Qirqiz was first recorded in Chinese books in the Han Dynasty, known as the Genkun.Qirqiz gradually became stronger during the Sui and the Tang Dynasties,and recorded as Qirqiz in the Tang Dynasty's historical documents.Qirqiz contacted with Hun,Dinling,Serbi,Juanjuan,Turkic,Sir-Yanda,Uighur,and ever succumbed to Hun,Serbi,Juanjuan,and also united its members to fight against the powerful Turkic and Uighur.In 648,the Tang Dynasty founded Genhun Dudufu(captain general prefecture)in Qirqiz region,depending its support,Qirqiz gradually grew powerful and finally established Qirqiz Khanate at the beginning of the eight century.In 840,Qirqiz Khanate defeated the Uighur Khanate and dominated theγobi-yin aru-deki Mongγol grassland.Qirqiz was an ethnic with a long history,what Qirqiz occupied the position in china northern nation's history could not be ignored.But because of the lack of historical data about Qirqiz,related issues with it had n't be studied enough and had certain weak links,these issues should be further studied.Reference to the results of previous studies,Chinese data,Turkic inscriptions,Persian geographer records and other historical data,also by the way of national philology knowledge,the author ttried to research into Qirqiz history more comprehensive and systematic,and came some conclusions.In Chinese documents,the name of Qirqiz were writted in Chinese characters with a variety of translation,after comparative studing,the author belived that these differences among different historical periods were attributed to pronunciation changes of some Chinese characters,as well as differences of Chinese dialect.Writting even though different,but the pronunciations of that characters were almost the same.Besides,the translation known as Qirqiz in the Tang Dynasty, which also had its otherwise reasons.The origin of Qirqiz ethnic,there was a wide range of academic argument,the author analysed that opinions and made a conclusion that perhaps Qirqiz and Turkic were homologous,but yet had to be studied further;what the opinion of Qirqiz were the descendant of Li Ling were purely assumptions of some interest groups.And the author engaged in textual research into the ambiguous geographical location of Qirqiz, made clear that Qirqiz gradually migrated and eventually settled in the upper reaches of theYenisey River,between the Abakan river and Hamzik River.The author explained the relationships between Qirqiz and its neighboring tribes,such as Dinling,Huns,Turkic,Uighur,in which the relationships between Qirqiz and Turkic,Uighur were in particular important,in the very the historical process of association with them, Qirqiz gradually developed;summarized reasons and significance of Qirqiz from weak to strong.The Tang Dynasty ever titled Qirqiz Khaqn "Ying Wu Cheng Ming(英武诚明) Khaqn",in fact,Qirqiz Khaqn asked for a title repeatedly and painstakingly to gain it.After defeated Uighur,Qirqiz didn't dominate the Mongolian Plateau but move south to Tianshan,which were also of other reasons.As was known to all,about Qirghiz,the descendants of Qirqiz,who was conquered by Yeke Monggol Ulus,there were also a number of specific problems to be verified,on these issues,the author also researched.At the same time,the author found that Qirqiz Khanate had not only official names of northern nations,for example,Tagan,Mohe,but also Chinese official names Zaixiang(prime minister)and Dudu(captain general),etc,so its bureaucratic system had multi-generation characteristics.In addition,in Qirqiz's economic activities,except hunting,animal husbandry, agriculture,handicrafts,trade were also prosperous.